Question 1

Preventive mental health attempts to reduce the likelihood of psychological disorders by

Accepted Answer

Preventive mental health aims to address the root causes of psychological disorders, which often include poverty and other adverse life circumstances. By establishing programs to reduce poverty and other demoralizing situations, the likelihood of mental health problems can be reduced. Enabling more people to see professional psychotherapists or emphasizing the importance of using an eclectic approach to therapy may be helpful for treating existing mental health issues, but they are not necessarily preventative measures. Encouraging depressed individuals to take personal responsibility is also important, but it is not the sole solution for preventing mental health issues. Preventive mental health aims to address the root causes of psychological disorders, including poverty and other demoralizing situations, which can contribute to the development of these disorders. By addressing these social determinants of mental health, preventive measures can help reduce the likelihood of individuals developing psychological disorders in the first place. Options A and D focus on treatment rather than prevention, while option B places the responsibility solely on individuals rather than addressing broader societal factors.

Question 2

Symptoms that may be misperceived as a heart attack are most characteristic of

Accepted Answer

Panic disorder is characterized by sudden and unexpected attacks of intense fear or discomfort, often with physical symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, sweating, trembling, and chest pain. These symptoms may be misperceived as a heart attack, leading individuals to seek medical attention. However, unlike a heart attack, panic attacks usually resolve within a short time without any permanent physical damage to the heart. Panic disorder is characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks, which involve sudden feelings of anxiety and fear along with physical symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness, and palpitations. These symptoms can be mistaken for those of a heart attack, leading individuals to seek medical attention.

Question 3

Which of the following is an important component of therapeutic lifestyle change promoted by Stephen Ilardi and his colleagues?

Accepted Answer

Stephen Ilardi and his colleagues promote the use of therapeutic lifestyle change, which includes aerobic exercise as an important component for treating depression. rTMS (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique used in the treatment of depression. Free association and systematic desensitization are psychotherapy techniques used in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Stephen Ilardi and his colleagues promote therapeutic lifestyle change that includes regular aerobic exercise along with other components like healthy diet, adequate sleep, social support, and stress reduction techniques. rTMS, free association, and systematic desensitization are not specific components of his recommended lifestyle change.

Question 4

Considering the greatest range of factors that may contribute to the process of healing is most clearly facilitated by a ________ approach to therapy.

Accepted Answer

The biopsychosocial approach recognizes that healing is influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. This holistic approach allows therapists to consider a broad range of factors that may impact their clients' healing process. The biomedical approach focuses solely on the biological components, while the psychodynamic approach focuses mainly on unconscious processes. The client-centered approach emphasizes the importance of the therapeutic relationship but does not necessarily encompass all the factors that contribute to healing. The biopsychosocial approach acknowledges that healing is not just physical, but also involves psychological and social factors. It takes into account the interconnectedness of these different aspects, and therefore, is the most comprehensive approach to therapy when considering the greatest range of contributing factors to the healing process. The biomedical approach (A) focuses solely on the physical aspects of healing, while the psychodynamic approach (B) primarily emphasizes the psychological factors. The client-centered approach (D) emphasizes the importance of the therapeutic relationship but does not take into account the broader biopsychosocial factors contributing to healing.

Question 5

Who emphasized the importance of active listening in the process of psychotherapy?

Accepted Answer

Carl Rogers emphasized the importance of active listening in the process of psychotherapy as a way to better understand and empathize with the client's experiences and feelings. This creates a supportive and non-judgmental environment for the client to explore and work through their issues.

Question 6

Tardive dykinesia is associated with the long-term use of certain ________ drugs.

Accepted Answer

Tardive dyskinesia is a movement disorder characterized by repetitive and involuntary movements of the face, tongue, and extremities. It is associated with the long-term use of antipsychotic drugs, particularly the first-generation antipsychotics. Antianxiety, antidepressant, and mood-stabilizing drugs are not typically associated with tardive dyskinesia. Tardive dyskinesia is a movement disorder that is often caused by the long-term use of antipsychotic medications.

Question 7

When people's symptoms of psychological distress are at their worst, whatever they do to try to alleviate the condition is likely to be followed by improvement rather than further deterioration. This is best explained in terms of

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as regression toward the mean, which refers to the natural tendency for extreme scores or conditions to move toward the average or mean over time. Therefore, regardless of any specific intervention, people's symptoms are likely to improve on their own simply due to the natural course of their condition. This phenomenon is known as regression toward the mean, which means that extreme scores or values tend to move closer to the average over time. In this case, when someone's symptoms are at their worst, it is likely that they will naturally improve over time, regardless of any specific intervention.

Question 8

Nancy's therapist encourages her to think about her strengths rather than her weaknesses and to develop a habit of thanking others when they compliment her or provide emotional support. The therapist's approach best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The therapist's approach of focusing on developing positive cognition patterns, such as thinking about strengths and expressing gratitude, aligns with the principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). CBT aims to help individuals counter negative thought patterns with positive ones and develop healthier coping mechanisms. The therapist's approach is based on the principles of cognitive-behavioral therapy, which focuses on changing negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to psychological problems. By encouraging Nancy to focus on her strengths and develop a habit of gratitude, the therapist is helping her to challenge and replace negative thinking with positive thinking.

Question 9

An integrated understanding of psychological disorders in terms of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles is most clearly provided by

Accepted Answer

The biopsychosocial approach considers how biological, psychological, and social factors interact to influence the development and manifestation of psychological disorders. This includes the impact of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles. Linkage analysis is a method used in genetic research, the medical model primarily focuses on diagnosing and treating symptoms rather than understanding the underlying causes, and the learning perspective emphasizes how environment and experience shape behavior rather than broader biological, psychological, and social factors. The biopsychosocial approach takes into account biological, psychological, and social factors that contribute to the development of psychological disorders. This includes consideration of stressful memories, evolutionary processes, and gender roles. Linkage analysis is a genetic analysis technique that is not directly related to understanding psychological disorders in terms of these factors. The medical model focuses primarily on the biological aspects of disorders, whereas the learning perspective emphasizes environmental factors.

Question 10

The double-blind technique is most likely to be used in evaluating the effectiveness of

Accepted Answer

The double-blind technique is used in drug therapies to minimize the placebo effect and experimenter bias in evaluating the effectiveness of a treatment. In a double-blind study, neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant is receiving the real treatment or a placebo. This allows for a more objective evaluation of the treatment's effectiveness. The double-blind technique is most commonly used in drug therapies to minimize bias in evaluating the effectiveness of a new medication. In a double-blind study, neither the participants nor the researchers administering the medication know who is receiving the real medication and who is receiving a placebo. This helps eliminate potential placebo effects and researcher biases that could influence the results.

Question 11

A therapist helps Rebecca overcome her fear of water by getting her to swim in the family's backyard pool three times a day for two consecutive weeks. The therapist's approach to helping Rebecca best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The therapist's approach involves gradually exposing Rebecca to her fear of water in a controlled environment (the family's backyard pool) in order to reduce her fear through repeated exposure. This is the essence of exposure therapy. Stress inoculation training involves teaching clients coping mechanisms to deal with stressful situations, aversive conditioning involves pairing an unpleasant stimulus with an unwanted behavior to decrease the occurrence of that behavior, and EMDR involves processing traumatic memories while engaging in rapid eye movements. The therapist's approach of gradually exposing Rebecca to the feared stimulus (water) in a controlled and systematic manner over multiple sessions is a hallmark feature of exposure therapy. This approach helps to lessen fear and anxiety over time and is often used to treat specific phobias.

Question 12

While focusing on several intrusive thoughts that had been bothering her recently, Jenny was instructed by her therapist to report any ideas or memories stimulated by these thoughts. Jenny's therapist was making use of a technique known as

Accepted Answer

The technique of reporting any ideas or memories stimulated by certain thoughts is known as free association. This is a common technique used in psychoanalytic therapy, often used to explore unconscious thoughts and emotions. Jenny’s therapist was using the free association technique, where the patient is encouraged to share any thoughts or memories that come to mind while thinking about a particular topic or issue. This technique is often used in psychoanalytic therapy and can help the therapist gain insight into the patient's unconscious thoughts and emotions.

Question 13

After participants in one study were informed that a videotaped interviewee was a psychiatric patient, they characterized the person with phrases such as "a passive, dependent type" and "frightened of his own aggressive impulses." This study best illustrated the

Accepted Answer

This study demonstrated how diagnostic labels can influence people's perceptions and attitudes towards individuals, even in the absence of other information. It suggests that labels can create biases and stereotypes that might not accurately reflect the person being labeled. This study demonstrates how diagnostic labels can create preconceptions and biases about individuals that may not necessarily be true or accurate. This can create a self-fulfilling prophecy where the person is treated differently and behaves accordingly, reinforcing the original label or stereotype. This highlights the potential harm in labeling individuals and underscores the importance of treating each person as an individual with unique characteristics and circumstances.

Question 14

Brian often interrupts his teacher while she is speaking and frequently forgets to complete his homework assignments. He also has difficulty taking turns in playground games with classmates. Brian most clearly exhibits symptoms of

Accepted Answer

Brian's symptoms of interrupting, forgetfulness, and difficulty taking turns are all hallmark symptoms of ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder). DID (Dissociative Identity Disorder) involves a disruption of a person's sense of identity, OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) involves persistent and unwanted thoughts and behaviors, and PTSD (Post Traumatic Stress Disorder) involves symptoms of anxiety and trauma following a traumatic event. While any of these disorders may present with some symptoms similar to ADHD, the description of Brian's behavior more closely aligns with ADHD. Brian exhibits symptoms of ADHD, as he displays impulsivity (interrupting teacher) and difficulty with completing tasks (forgetting homework assignments), as well as problems with social interactions (difficulty taking turns in playground games with classmates).

Question 15

If a patient suffers uncontrollable seizures, physici&&Ans can destroy specific nerve clusters that cause or tr&&Ansmit the convulsions. This best illustrates a procedure known as

Accepted Answer

The procedure described involves destroying nerve clusters that cause or transmit seizures, which is a form of psychosurgery. The other options, rTMS, systematic desensitization, and electroconvulsive therapy, do not involve the destruction or alteration of specific nerve clusters in the brain.

Question 16

In a home for troubled youth, adolescents receive large colored buttons when they hang up their clothes, make their beds, and come to meals on time. The adolescents return the buttons to staff members to receive bedtime snacks or watch TV. This best illustrates an application of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of operant conditioning, where behaviors are reinforced through rewards or punishments. The colored buttons act as positive reinforcement for desired behaviors such as hanging up clothes and coming to meals on time, and can be exchanged for rewards like snacks and access to TV. This encourages the adolescents to continue exhibiting these positive behaviors. This scenario describes operant conditioning, specifically positive reinforcement. The adolescents are receiving a reward (buttons) for engaging in desired behaviors (hanging up clothes, making beds, coming to meals on time). This is likely to increase the frequency of those behaviors in the future.

Question 17

Systematic desensitization is a form of

Accepted Answer

Systematic desensitization is a type of exposure therapy that involves gradually exposing an individual to anxiety-provoking stimuli in a controlled environment, leading to reduced anxiety over time. A is incorrect because aversive conditioning involves pairing an unpleasant stimulus with an unwanted behavior to deter that behavior. C is incorrect because stress inoculation training focuses on building coping strategies for stressful situations. D is incorrect because electroconvulsive therapy is a treatment for certain mental health conditions that involves passing electric currents through the brain under general anesthesia. Systematic desensitization is a form of exposure therapy that gradually exposes a person to anxiety-provoking stimuli in a safe and controlled setting in order to reduce their fear or anxiety response. Aversive conditioning involves pairing an unpleasant stimuli with an undesired behavior in order to discourage that behavior, stress inoculation training teaches individuals coping mechanisms for stress, and electroconvulsive therapy is a treatment for severe depression and other mental illnesses that involves inducing seizures through an electrical current.

Question 18

Because she mistakenly believes that the herbal remedy she is using will help her lose weight, Mrs. Redding is feeling a considerable reduction in her appetite. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

The fact that Mrs. Redding's belief in the herbal remedy is causing a reduction in her appetite suggests that she is experiencing the placebo effect. The placebo effect occurs when a person experiences an improvement in symptoms or condition simply because they believe that a treatment or intervention will work, even if that treatment is inert or ineffective. The placebo effect refers to the phenomenon where a person experiences an improvement in their condition, even if the treatment they are receiving has no active ingredient or physical effect. In this scenario, Mrs. Redding believes that the herbal remedy will help her lose weight, and as a result, experiences a reduction in her appetite. This reduction in appetite is not due to any active ingredient in the herbal remedy, but rather the belief that it will have an effect on her weight loss.

Question 19

Patients receive a general anesthetic and muscle relaxant prior to treatment with

Accepted Answer

Patients receive a general anesthetic and muscle relaxant prior to treatment with ECT (Electroconvulsive therapy). This is necessary as the procedure involves the administration of an electrical current to the brain, which can cause convulsions and muscle spasms. The anesthetic and muscle relaxant help to reduce the likelihood of injury and increase the comfort of the patient during the procedure. Only option D, ECT (electroconvulsive therapy), requires a general anesthetic and muscle relaxant prior to treatment. This is because ECT involves inducing a seizure in the brain through electrical stimulation, which can cause muscle contractions and potentially harm the patient if they are not under anesthesia and muscle relaxants. Options A, B, and C do not require these measures.

Question 20

Cognitive therapists are most likely to

Accepted Answer

Cognitive therapists focus on clients' distorted or negative interpretations of life events and teach them to think more positively and realistically. They believe that these interpretations contribute to emotional and behavioral problems, and work to change them through cognitive restructuring techniques, rather than associating undesirable behaviors with unpleasant consequences. They also do not typically use personality tests for diagnostic purposes, although they may use cognitive and behavioral assessments to guide their treatment planning. While positive and negative feelings about the therapist may be addressed in therapy, it is not a primary focus of cognitive therapy. Cognitive therapists focus on identifying and challenging clients' negative or distorted thought and belief patterns. This involves helping clients recognize and modify their negative interpretations of life events, making choice C the most likely option. While cognitive therapists may discuss clients' feelings about the therapy process, they do not typically focus special attention on these feelings (choice A). They may use personality tests along with other assessment tools, but they do not rely solely on this method for diagnosis (choice B). Finally, while cognitive therapists may use behavioral techniques to promote change, they do not systematically associate clients' undesirable behaviors with unpleasant consequences (choice D).

Quiz 20: Insight, Language, and Memory: Exploring Cognitive Processe