Question 1

After the Miranda v. Arizona (1966) decision, all suspects must be informed of their so-called Miranda rights. These constitutional rights include all of the following, EXCEPT for the right to:

Accepted Answer

The Miranda rights include the right to remain silent, the right to have an attorney present during questioning, and the right to have a court-appointed attorney if the suspect cannot afford one. They do not include a specific right to admit guilt as part of the Miranda warning; the right to admit guilt is inherent, but the Miranda rights are specifically designed to protect against self-incrimination without proper legal representation and understanding.

Question 2

According to the text, the current state of the criminal justice system in the United States makes all of the following very likely to happen, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The text suggests that the criminal justice system in the United States has practices and tendencies that may not always ensure fair treatment of suspects, such as police lying to elicit confessions, suspects waiving their Miranda rights, and judges rarely ruling a confession as coerced. However, it implies that juries determining if a confession resulted from psychological coercion is not a likely occurrence, possibly due to the challenges in understanding or proving psychological coercion within the context of a trial.

Question 3

Utilization of a team approach to interrogation often takes the form of a _____ approach.

Accepted Answer

The "good cop-bad cop" approach is a well-known interrogation technique where two interrogators take seemingly opposing approaches—one being aggressive and intimidating (bad cop) and the other being sympathetic and understanding (good cop)—to elicit information from a suspect.

Question 4

In the United States, the following interrogation techniques are legal EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The answer of In the United States, the following interrogation...

Question 5

All of the following are possible explanations for why suspects waive their Miranda rights, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is C because while suspects may waive their Miranda rights for various reasons, including misunderstanding their rights (A), being accustomed to signing waivers (B), or not wanting to appear guilty (D), the careful explanation of rights by police (C) is not a reason for waiving them. In fact, a careful explanation might lead to a better understanding of these rights, potentially reducing the likelihood of waiving them.

Question 6

Since the 1960s and throughout the present time, an interrogator in the United States would be likely to use all of the following forms of coercion to elicit confessions, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Promising lenient sentencing is something an interrogator in the United States is not legally allowed to do as it can be considered a form of undue coercion, potentially leading to false confessions. The other options (lying to the suspect, using a police informer as a cellmate, and assembling a phony lineup) are tactics that, while controversial, have been used within legal boundaries.

Question 7

According to studies, which form of evidence is the most incriminating one (likely to lead to a conviction)?

Accepted Answer

Confessions are considered the most incriminating form of evidence and are highly likely to lead to a conviction because they are seen as a direct admission of guilt by the accused.

Question 8

Research in the field of social psychology has discovered that people tend to _____ the impact of situational forces, and this process is responsible for believing that suspects in police custody would _____ to a crime they did not commit.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research in the field of social psychology...

Question 9

The tendency to hold an individual's dispositional causes such as personality responsible for his or her behavior is referred to as the:

Accepted Answer

The fundamental attribution error is a cognitive bias that causes people to overemphasize personal characteristics and ignore situational factors when judging others' behavior.

Question 10

A robbery suspect is apprehended and being read his Miranda rights by the policewoman arresting him. The suspect is most likely to _____ his Miranda rights.

Accepted Answer

When a suspect is read their Miranda rights, they have the option to waive these rights, meaning they choose not to exercise them and agree to speak with law enforcement without an attorney present.

Question 11

Between the 1930s and 1960s, an interrogator in the United States would be likely to use all of the following forms of coercion to elicit confessions, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Direct physical violence was less commonly sanctioned or openly used by law enforcement in the United States during the 1930s to 1960s as a method of interrogation compared to other forms of coercion such as sleep deprivation, withholding privileges, or isolation. While not unheard of, its use was more controversial and less likely to be officially condoned.

Question 12

Kurt was arrested even though he was innocent. All of the following are likely reasons he waived his Miranda rights, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

The Miranda rights are a fundamental part of the arrest process in the United States, and it is highly unlikely that this was the first time Kurt had ever heard of the right to remain silent, especially given their prevalence in media and public discourse. Options A, B, and D are common reasons individuals might waive their Miranda rights, but being unaware of them altogether is much less plausible.

Question 13

When the police utilize a good cop-bad cop approach, the suspect is likely to:

Accepted Answer

The good cop-bad cop approach is designed to make the suspect feel more at ease and trusting towards the "good cop," making them more likely to confess when alone with the good cop, who appears more sympathetic and understanding.

Question 14

During the interrogation of a suspect, openly physical brutality was _____ prior to 1930.

Accepted Answer

Prior to 1930, it was common for law enforcement to use physical brutality during interrogations, as there were fewer regulations and oversight regarding police conduct.

Question 15

Before the 1930s, an interrogator in the United States would be likely to use all of the following actions to elicit confessions, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Before the 1930s, while abusive interrogation techniques such as beating a suspect, applying electric shocks, and dragging a suspect by her hair were unfortunately not uncommon, there is no widespread historical evidence to suggest that imprisoning a suspect's children as a method to elicit confessions was a standard or accepted practice in the United States.

Question 16

After the publication of the Report on Lawlessness in Law Enforcement in 1931, legislative changes resulted in the move from _____ physical abuse to _____ forms of abuse.

Accepted Answer

The Report on Lawlessness in Law Enforcement in 1931 highlighted the issue of overt physical abuse by law enforcement. As a result of the legislative changes that followed, there was a shift towards more covert forms of abuse, which are less visible and harder to detect.

Question 17

Which of the following patterns of thinking demonstrates the fundamental attribution error, or the tendency to attribute other people's behavior to dispositional causes?

Accepted Answer

The fundamental attribution error involves attributing people's behavior to their character or personality rather than considering external factors. Choice B demonstrates this by assuming a person's confession is solely due to their guilt (a dispositional cause), without considering external pressures or circumstances that might lead to a false confession.

Question 18

Daniela was _____and she waived her Miranda rights during her arrest. She decided to tell the police her side of the story without waiting for an attorney. The most likely reason she did that is because she has _____.

Accepted Answer

Waiving Miranda rights and choosing to speak to the police often indicates a belief in one's innocence and a perception that there is nothing to hide, which can lead to a willingness to share one's side of the story without legal counsel.

Question 19

Even though a _____ may rule that a confession is inadmissible because it was coerced, such rulings are _____.

Accepted Answer

A judge, not a jury, has the authority to rule on the admissibility of evidence, including confessions. Rulings that confessions are inadmissible because they were coerced are relatively rare, as confessions are often seen as key evidence in criminal trials.

Question 20

When a confession exists, juries _____ come back with a conviction.

Accepted Answer

Juries very often come back with a conviction when a confession exists, as confessions are considered strong evidence of guilt.

Quiz 2: Presents Several Potential Solutions to the Problem of False Confessions Which of the Following Is Not One of These Solutions