Question 1

Which of the following statements best defines motivation? Motivation is:
A)an intense desire to succeed.
B)a force that energizes and directs behavior.
C)a system of rewards and punishments to influence behavior.
D)positive beliefs about oneself, such as high self-esteem.

Accepted Answer

Motivation is best defined as a force that energizes and directs behavior, indicating both the activation (energizing) and the guidance (directing) aspects of motivated action.

Question 2

Assessing a person's heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate to infer the presence and intensity of a person's motivational state constitutes which type of measure of motivation?
A)automated
B)behavioral
C)enactive
D)psychophysiological
E)projective

Accepted Answer

Psychophysiological measures involve assessing physiological responses, such as heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate, to infer psychological states, including motivation. These measures are used because they can provide objective data about the body's reactions, which are often linked to psychological processes.

Question 3

People often say that the best way to motivate others is to increase their self-esteem, as in "Find a way to make people feel good about themselves, and then all sorts of good things start to happen." In response to this approach to motivation, the textbook concluded that:
A)no research exists on self-esteem because it is best studied through personal experience.
B)a great deal of evidence supports this approach to motivation.
C)practically no evidence supports this approach to motivation.
D)while not perfect, increasing self-esteem is still the most effective approach to motivating other people.

Accepted Answer

Practically no evidence supports the approach that simply increasing self-esteem will lead to positive outcomes in motivation. The effectiveness of boosting self-esteem as a motivational strategy is not strongly supported by empirical research.

Question 4

_____engagement expresses the extent to which the person actively monitors how well things are going and uses sophisticated learning and problem-solving strategies.
A)Behavioral
B)Cognitive
C)Emotional
D)Social

Accepted Answer

Cognitive engagement refers to the degree to which an individual is mentally invested in their learning process, including the use of complex cognitive strategies for understanding and problem-solving.

Question 5

Motivation study concerns itself with those processes that give behavior its:
A)benefits and costs.
B)energy and direction.
C)feedforward and feedback.
D)success and personal authenticity.

Accepted Answer

Motivation study primarily focuses on understanding what energizes behavior (gives it energy) and what guides or directs that behavior towards achieving specific goals (gives it direction).

Question 6

If a motivation researcher measured chemicals within a person's blood or saliva (e.g., epinephrine, cortisol), then that researcher would be assessing which aspect of brain and physiological activity as an expression of the person's motivation?
A)brain activity
B)cardiovascular activity
C)electrodermal activity
D)hormonal activity

Accepted Answer

Measuring chemicals such as epinephrine and cortisol in a person's blood or saliva is a method of assessing hormonal activity. These chemicals are hormones that play significant roles in the body's stress response and overall physiological state, which can be linked to motivation.

Question 7

A motivation researcher interested in understanding why a person eats a meal needs to answer all of the following questions, except:
A)How is food digested?
B)Why did the eating begin?
C)Why did the eating end?
D)Why did the person eat quickly at first but eat much slower after several bites?
E)Why is the person eating a meal rather than doing something else?

Accepted Answer

The question "How is food digested?" is related to the biological process of digestion rather than the psychological or motivational aspects of why a person decides to eat, why they stop eating, or their eating pace and choices, which are the focus of a motivation researcher.

Question 8

Which of the following statements is most true?
A)A motive is an internal process that energizes and directs behavior.
B)Cognitions are short-lived physiological-functional-expressive phenomena.
C)External motives (incentives)predict behavior better than do internal motives (needs).
D)Internal motives (needs)predict behavior better than do external motives (incentives).

Accepted Answer

A motive is indeed an internal process that energizes and directs behavior, focusing on the psychological aspects that drive individuals to act in certain ways.

Question 9

The duration of time a person waits to get started on a task upon first being given the opportunity to do so (e.g., how much time it takes before one starts studying upon entering the library) is called:
A)choice.
B)effort.
C)latency.
D)persistence.
E)probability of response.

Accepted Answer

Latency refers to the delay or waiting period before initiating a task or response after being given the opportunity to start. In this context, it measures the time it takes for a person to begin a task, such as studying after entering a library.

Question 10

Engagement is a multidimensional expression of motivation.Which of the following aspect of engagement is not central to understanding the person's underlying motive status?
A)behavioral engagement
B)cognitive engagement
C)emotional engagement
D)social engagement

Accepted Answer

Social engagement, while important for understanding social interactions and community involvement, is not central to understanding an individual's underlying motive status in the same way that behavioral, cognitive, and emotional engagements are. These three directly relate to an individual's motivation in terms of actions (behavioral), thoughts (cognitive), and feelings (emotional), which are core components of motivation.

Question 11

Among the following questions, which is considered to be a core, perennial question within motivation study?
A)Is human behavior mostly conscious or mostly unconscious?
B)Under what conditions do people learn best?
C)What causes behavior?
D)Why are people happy?

Accepted Answer

The question "What causes behavior?" is a core, perennial question within the study of motivation because it directly addresses the fundamental issue of understanding the reasons behind why individuals act in certain ways, which is central to the field of motivation.

Question 12

________are short-lived subjective-physiological-functional-expressive phenomena that orchestrate how a person reacts to significant life events.
A)Cognitions
B)Emotions
C)Motivations
D)Motives
E)Needs

Accepted Answer

Emotions are short-lived experiences that combine subjective feelings, physiological responses, and expressive behaviors, and they play a crucial role in how individuals respond to important events in their lives.

Question 13

A theory is a(n):
A)construction of facts with successive layers of complexity.
B)intellectual forecast to estimate the value of a psychological principle.
C)project requiring some action or some set of actions.
D)intellectual framework that organizes a vast amount of information about a phenomenon as to describe, understand, and explain it.

Accepted Answer

A theory is an intellectual framework designed to organize, describe, understand, and explain a vast amount of information about a particular phenomenon.

Question 14

Which of the following questions is not a key part of understanding motivation study's basic question, "What causes behavior?"
A)Once begun, why is a behavior sustained over time?
B)What is the difference between one type of behavior and another?
C)Why does behavior start?
D)Why does behavior stop?

Accepted Answer

The key questions for understanding motivation in behavior focus on why behavior starts, is sustained, and stops. Differentiating between types of behavior is not a fundamental aspect of studying motivation's cause on behavior.

Question 15

In contrast to other psychological constructs, such as intelligence and personality, the construct of "motivation" has one great advantage, which is that:
A)measures of motivation are more reliable than are measures of these other constructs.
B)motivation is more psychological in nature than these other constructs.
C)motivation is more stable and endures over time more than these other constructs.
D)the antecedent conditions to motivational states are frequently known.

Accepted Answer

The advantage of the construct of "motivation" over others like intelligence and personality is that the antecedent conditions leading to motivational states are often known, allowing for a clearer understanding of what triggers motivation.

Question 16

Pairing "science" and "motivation" in the phrase "motivational science" means that answers to motivational questions require:
A)that one's personal beliefs about motivation are confirmed by cultural norms.
B)opportunities to reflect on one's personal experiences so as to gain personal insights about the nature of motivation.
C)objective, data-based, empirical evidence from well-conducted research.
D)that one recognizes that most motivational states cannot be studied scientifically.

Accepted Answer

Pairing "science" with any concept implies an approach that seeks objective, empirical evidence through well-conducted research. This is the essence of scientific inquiry, which applies to the study of motivation in the context of "motivational science."

Question 17

In general, motivation researchers rely heavily on ___measures, but only lightly on ___measures.
A)behavioral and physiological; self-report
B)behavioral; self-report and physiological
C)self-report and behavioral; physiological
D)self-report; behavioral and physiological

Accepted Answer

Motivation researchers rely heavily on behavioral measures because they provide objective evidence of behavior. They rely lightly on self-report measures because they are subjective and can be biased by the respondent's desire to present themselves in a positive light.

Question 18

Which of the following is not a valid criticism of self-report measures of motivation?
A)People often give socially desirable, rather than accurate, verbal responses.
B)Self-report measures are inherently unreliable.
C)Self-report measures do not work well with either infants or animals.
D)Self-report measures frequently rely on memory for their accuracy.

Accepted Answer

Self-report measures are not inherently unreliable; their reliability can vary depending on how they are designed and implemented. The other options (A, C, D) are valid criticisms of self-report measures.

Question 19

_______are conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and for the nurturance of growth and well-being.
A)Cognitions
B)Emotions
C)Motives
D)Needs
E)Presses

Accepted Answer

Needs are fundamental for the maintenance of life and the support of growth and well-being, as they are essential conditions within an individual that must be met.

Question 20

___is the time between when a behavior first starts until it ends.
A)Choice
B)Effort
C)Latency
D)Persistence
E)Probability of response

Accepted Answer

Persistence refers to the duration of time a behavior continues from start to finish.

Quiz 1: Introduction

Which of the following statements best defines motivation? Motivation is:

Assessing a person's heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate to infer the presence and intensity of a person's motivational state constitutes which type of measure of motivation?

People often say that the best way to motivate others is to increase their self-esteem, as in "Find a way to make people feel good about themselves, and then all sorts of good things start to happen." In response to this approach to motivation, the textbook concluded that:

_____engagement expresses the extent to which the person actively monitors how well things are going and uses sophisticated learning and problem-solving strategies.

Motivation study concerns itself with those processes that give behavior its:

If a motivation researcher measured chemicals within a person's blood or saliva (e.g., epinephrine, cortisol) , then that researcher would be assessing which aspect of brain and physiological activity as an expression of the person's motivation?

A motivation researcher interested in understanding why a person eats a meal needs to answer all of the following questions, except:

Which of the following statements is most true?

The duration of time a person waits to get started on a task upon first being given the opportunity to do so (e.g., how much time it takes before one starts studying upon entering the library) is called:

Engagement is a multidimensional expression of motivation.Which of the following aspect of engagement is not central to understanding the person's underlying motive status?

Among the following questions, which is considered to be a core, perennial question within motivation study?

________are short-lived subjective-physiological-functional-expressive phenomena that orchestrate how a person reacts to significant life events.

A theory is a(n) :

Which of the following questions is not a key part of understanding motivation study's basic question, "What causes behavior?"

In contrast to other psychological constructs, such as intelligence and personality, the construct of "motivation" has one great advantage, which is that:

Pairing "science" and "motivation" in the phrase "motivational science" means that answers to motivational questions require:

In general, motivation researchers rely heavily on _measures, but only lightly on _measures.

Which of the following is not a valid criticism of self-report measures of motivation?

_______are conditions within the individual that are essential and necessary for the maintenance of life and for the nurturance of growth and well-being.

___is the time between when a behavior first starts until it ends.