Question 1

At what rate does GHB degrade into GABA in the brain?
A) At 5-minute half-lives
B) At 25-minute half-lives
C) At 45-minute half-lives
D) At 65-minute half-lives

Accepted Answer

GHB has a half-life of 5 minutes in the brain.

Question 2

Dr. Arnold studies endogenous GHB production in the brain. What does he determine is the relationship between GHB and GABA?
A) GHB is a precursor for GABA synthesis, and they are stored in the same storage vesicles.
B) GABA is a precursor for GHB synthesis, and they are stored in the same storage vesicles.
C) GABA is a precursor for GHB synthesis, and they are stored in separate storage vesicles.
D) GHB is a precursor for GABA synthesis, and they are stored in separate storage vesicles.

Accepted Answer

B

Question 3

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is both a drug and a neurotransmitter that has what type of effects on the central nervous system (CNS)?
A) depressant
B) stimulant
C) psychedelic
D) neutralizing

Accepted Answer

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) acts as a depressant on the central nervous system, slowing down brain function and producing effects such as relaxation and drowsiness.

Question 4

What criminal act is most often associated with GHB use?
A) gang violence
B) date rape
C) spousal abuse
D) indecent exposure

Accepted Answer

GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyric acid) is most often associated with date rape due to its potent sedative effects, which can incapacitate individuals, making them vulnerable to sexual assault. It is colorless and odorless, making it easy to add to victims' drinks without detection.

Question 5

Dan was prosecuted for the illegal synthesis and disruption of GHB. What household item was listed in the court documents as a precursor chemical for GHB synthesis?
A) paint thinner
B) glue
C) laundry detergent
D) cough syrup

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dan was prosecuted for the illegal synthesis...

Question 6

Researchers first synthesized GHB in 1960 as part of an effort to develop compounds that have a similar chemical structure to the neurotransmitter ____.
A) glutamate
B) GABA
C) dopamine
D) serotonin

Accepted Answer

GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyric acid) was synthesized as part of an effort to develop compounds that have a similar chemical structure to the neurotransmitter GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid), which plays a primary role in reducing neuronal excitability throughout the nervous system.

Question 7

Dr. Arnold scours the literature and finds that beyond the GHB receptor, studies indicate that GHB functions as an agonist for the ____ receptor (Diana et al., 1991; Pistis et al., 2005). A) GABA_A B) GABA_B C) GABA_C D) GABA_D

Accepted Answer

GHB functions as an agonist for the GABAB receptor, as indicated by the studies mentioned.

Question 8

Early pharmacological studies found that GHB elicits a unique sleeping pattern that is characterized by ____.
A) growth-hormone release and shorter periods of deep sleep
B) growth-hormone release and longer periods of deep sleep
C) prostaglandin release and shorter periods of deep sleep
D) prostaglandin release and longer periods of deep sleep

Accepted Answer

GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate) is known to induce sleep that is characterized by an increase in growth-hormone release and longer periods of deep sleep, making it distinct from other sleep patterns induced by different substances.

Question 9

Why do authorities often have a difficult time verifying the use of GHB in sexual assault cases?
A) The use of other drugs mask the chemical detection process for GHB.
B) GHB binds tightly to heme groups.
C) GHB has a short elimination period.
D) GHB is quickly converted into succinic semialdehyde.

Accepted Answer

GHB has a short elimination period, meaning it is metabolized and excreted from the body relatively quickly. This rapid elimination makes it difficult to detect in blood or urine tests after a certain period following ingestion, complicating the verification process in sexual assault cases.

Question 10

The oral delivery of GHB is the most common route of delivery used in sexual assault cases. Why might this be?
A) Liquid GHB is colorless and tasteless.
B) Liquid GHB is colorless and has a longer half-life than the solid form.
C) Liquid GHB is tasteless and has increased binding affinity than the solid form.
D) Liquid GHB has an increased binding affinity and longer-half life than the solid form.

Accepted Answer

Liquid GHB is colorless and tasteless, making it easy to administer without detection, which is why it is commonly used in sexual assault cases.

Question 11

Graduate student Darryl adds DrugX to the bathing media of his neuronal cultures and finds strong depletion of GHB. What was a likely target of this drug?
A) glutathione synthetase
B) lactate dehydrogenase
C) succinic semialdehyde reductase
D) d-amino acid oxidase

Accepted Answer

GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate) is synthesized from GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) through a metabolic pathway that involves the conversion of GABA to succinic semialdehyde and then to GHB. Succinic semialdehyde reductase is directly involved in this conversion process. Therefore, if DrugX leads to a strong depletion of GHB, it is likely targeting succinic semialdehyde reductase, inhibiting the conversion of succinic semialdehyde to GHB.

Question 12

Which statement regarding GHB is true?
A) GHB is used to treat ADHD.
B) GHB has yet to be classified as a controlled substance.
C) GHB is naturally synthesized by the body.
D) GHB was first synthesized to mimic the actions of norepinephrine.

Accepted Answer

GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyric acid) is indeed naturally synthesized in the human body, primarily in the central nervous system. It acts as a neurotransmitter or a neuromodulator.

Question 13

Why is the GHB derivative sodium oxybate an effective treatment for narcolepsy?
A) Sodium oxybate promotes increased arousal.
B) Sodium oxybate enhances restorative sleep.
C) Sodium oxybate resets the circadian rhythm.
D) Sodium oxybate blocks GABA receptors.

Accepted Answer

Sodium oxybate is effective in treating narcolepsy primarily because it enhances restorative sleep, particularly deep sleep, which is often disrupted in individuals with narcolepsy. This improvement in sleep quality helps alleviate symptoms of narcolepsy.

Question 14

Sodium GHB is used for the treatment of ____.
A) Alzheimer's disease
B) pain management
C) narcolepsy
D) ADHD

Accepted Answer

Sodium GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate) is approved for the treatment of narcolepsy, specifically for symptoms like cataplexy and excessive daytime sleepiness.

Question 15

Dr. Arnold analyzes the results of an experiment exploring the interaction of GHB with its receptor. What is Dr. Arnold likely to find?
A) GHB receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor that causes inhibitory effects .on neurons
B) GHB receptor is a G-protein-coupled receptor that causes excitatory effects on neurons.
C) GHB receptor is an ionotropic receptor that causes inhibitory effects on neurons.
D) GHB receptor is an ionotropic receptor that causes excitatory effects on neurons.

Accepted Answer

GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid) primarily acts through binding to GABA-B receptors, which are G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) causing inhibitory effects on neurons. This leads to the depressant effects associated with GHB.

Question 16

Dr. Arnold performs an immunocytochemical stain to determine the localization of GHB receptors. What is he likely to find?
A) GHB receptors are highly concentrated in the amygdala.
B) GHB receptors are highly concentrated in the nucleus accumbens.
C) GHB receptors are highly concentrated in the hippocampus.
D) GHB receptors are highly concentrated in the hypothalamus.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Dr. Arnold performs an immunocytochemical stain to...

Question 17

In the body, naturally occurring GHB is a metabolite of ____.
A) serotonin
B) GABA
C) dopamine
D) acetylcholine

Accepted Answer

GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate) is a naturally occurring metabolite of GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid), which is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Question 18

Dr. Arnold is excited to discover the relationship between GHB and dopamine release. What does he find?
A) Both low and high doses lead to increased dopamine levels in the long-term.
B) Both low and high doses lead to decreased dopamine levels in the long-term.
C) Low doses decrease dopamine release; high doses eventually increase dopamine levels.
D) Low doses increase dopamine release; high doses eventually decrease dopamine levels.

Accepted Answer

Low doses of GHB have been found to decrease dopamine release, while high doses can initially decrease dopamine release but eventually lead to an increase in dopamine levels. This biphasic effect is due to GHB's complex action on the brain, including its interactions with GABA-B receptors and its role in the modulation of dopaminergic systems.

Question 19

Dr. Arnold studies endogenous GHB production and storage in the brain. He determines that the relationship between GHB and GABA storage is that they are stored ____.
A) in the same storage vesicles
B) in separate storage vesicles
C) as combined chemicals
D) tethered to a protein complex

Accepted Answer

GHB and GABA are stored in the same storage vesicles.

Question 20

Dr. Bennett lectures on the function of prodrugs, which are converted to active metabolites in the body. She describes the final step in the conversion of prodrug 1,4-butanediol to GHB. What pathway does she describe?
A) 1,4-butanediol is converted to GHB by aldehyde dehydrogenase.
B) GBL is converted to GHB by alcohol dehydrogenase.
C) 1,4-butanediol is converted to GHB by alcohol dehydrogenase.
D) GBL is converted to GHB by aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Accepted Answer

GBL is converted to GHB by aldehyde dehydrogenase.

Quiz 9: Ghb, Inhalants, and Anesthetics

At what rate does GHB degrade into GABA in the brain?

Dr. Arnold studies endogenous GHB production in the brain. What does he determine is the relationship between GHB and GABA?

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is both a drug and a neurotransmitter that has what type of effects on the central nervous system (CNS) ?

What criminal act is most often associated with GHB use?

Dan was prosecuted for the illegal synthesis and disruption of GHB. What household item was listed in the court documents as a precursor chemical for GHB synthesis?

Researchers first synthesized GHB in 1960 as part of an effort to develop compounds that have a similar chemical structure to the neurotransmitter ____.

Dr. Arnold scours the literature and finds that beyond the GHB receptor, studies indicate that GHB functions as an agonist for the ____ receptor (Diana et al., 1991; Pistis et al., 2005) .

Early pharmacological studies found that GHB elicits a unique sleeping pattern that is characterized by ____.

Why do authorities often have a difficult time verifying the use of GHB in sexual assault cases?

The oral delivery of GHB is the most common route of delivery used in sexual assault cases. Why might this be?

Graduate student Darryl adds DrugX to the bathing media of his neuronal cultures and finds strong depletion of GHB. What was a likely target of this drug?

Which statement regarding GHB is true?

Why is the GHB derivative sodium oxybate an effective treatment for narcolepsy?

Sodium GHB is used for the treatment of ____.

Dr. Arnold analyzes the results of an experiment exploring the interaction of GHB with its receptor. What is Dr. Arnold likely to find?

Dr. Arnold performs an immunocytochemical stain to determine the localization of GHB receptors. What is he likely to find?

In the body, naturally occurring GHB is a metabolite of ____.

Dr. Arnold is excited to discover the relationship between GHB and dopamine release. What does he find?

Dr. Arnold studies endogenous GHB production and storage in the brain. He determines that the relationship between GHB and GABA storage is that they are stored ____.

Dr. Bennett lectures on the function of prodrugs, which are converted to active metabolites in the body. She describes the final step in the conversion of prodrug 1,4-butanediol to GHB. What pathway does she describe?