Question 1

Scott thought of himself as a very successful marketer. He created a campaign with a product logo that was very popular and that customers associated with a quality product. It was so popular that in a few months, the logo began to appear almost everywhere. Instead of increasing sales of the product, the customer demand began to decrease as competitors' products became more successful. What characteristic of learning was most likely ruining Scott's apparent success?
A) Too much repetition was decreasing the strength of the conditioning effect, thus leading to extinction of the learned relationship between the logo, the quality of the product, and the association with Scott's company.
B) Customers confused Scott's logo with the logo of Scott's competitors, making cognitive learning incomplete.
C) The logo produced only a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement that did not sustain sales, while Scott's competitor used a variable-ratio schedule.
D) Over time, the logo became boring, and customers punished Scott's company by buying competitors' products as a type of revenge for their boredom.

Accepted Answer

Too much repetition can lead to extinction in conditioning, where the conditioned response (positive association with the logo) decreases in strength and eventually disappears. This is because the overuse of the logo made it less effective as a unique identifier of quality, leading to a decrease in customer demand.

Question 2

________ refers to the tendency people have to react to stimuli similar to an original stimulus in a classical conditioning situation in much the same way they responded to the original stimulus.
A) Extinction
B) Repetition
C) The cueing effect
D) The halo effect

Accepted Answer

The halo effect refers to the tendency to generalize feelings from one stimulus to similar stimuli, which aligns with the description given in the question.

Question 3

Instrumental conditioning occurs in which of the following ways?
A) positive reinforcement
B) negative reinforcement
C) punishment
D) All of the above

Accepted Answer

Instrumental conditioning, also known as operant conditioning, involves learning through the consequences of behavior. It can occur through positive reinforcement (adding something desirable to increase a behavior), negative reinforcement (removing something undesirable to increase a behavior), and punishment (adding or removing something to decrease a behavior).

Question 4

If a woman receives compliments after wearing Obsession perfume, she is more likely to keep buying the product and wearing it. What type of instrumental conditioning has occurred in the situation?
A) neutral reinforcement
B) positive reinforcement
C) negative reinforcement
D) symbolic reinforcement

Accepted Answer

Positive reinforcement occurs when a behavior (wearing Obsession perfume) is followed by a favorable stimulus (receiving compliments), which increases the likelihood of that behavior being repeated.

Question 5

When a professor reviews a certain topic many times, he is practicing ________.
A) psychological conditioning
B) stimulus-response conditioning
C) subliminal conditioning
D) repetition conditioning

Accepted Answer

Repetition conditioning involves the repeated exposure to a certain stimulus (in this case, a topic) to reinforce learning or behavior. This method is commonly used in educational settings to help students remember information.

Question 6

Family branding, licensing, and look-alike packaging are all marketing strategies based on ________.
A) stimulus generalization
B) the spacing effect
C) stimulus discrimination
D) extinction

Accepted Answer

Family branding, licensing, and look-alike packaging are strategies that rely on stimulus generalization, where consumers respond similarly to different but related stimuli, assuming a shared level of quality or characteristics.

Question 7

Much learning takes effort and time, but some learning is so casual as to be unintentional. This type of learning is referred to as ________ learning.
A) stage one
B) subliminal
C) incidental
D) evoked

Accepted Answer

Incidental learning occurs without the intention to learn, often as a byproduct of engaging in an activity. It is casual and unintentional, unlike formal or structured learning processes.

Question 8

Classical conditioning takes place when a(n) ________ is continuously matched with a(n) ________.
A) conditioned stimulus; conditioned response
B) unconditioned response; conditioned stimulus
C) conditioned stimulus; unconditioned stimulus
D) unconditioned stimulus; unconditioned response

Accepted Answer

Classical conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (US) until the CS alone elicits a response.

Question 9

Frank is sitting in his Psychology 101 class listening to his professor attempt to explain the "black box" process and its connection with learning. He suddenly smells the aroma of fresh cinnamon rolls, and his mouth begins to water. He looks around the room and sees a student in the last row bite into a big, juicy roll. "I wish I were sitting next to him," Frank thinks, "because I know I could steal a bite." What Frank just went through in class was similar to the "black box" process being described by his professor. This process is more closely associated with which of the following learning methods?
A) incidental learning
B) gestalt learning
C) cognitive learning
D) behavioral learning

Accepted Answer

Frank's experience is an example of behavioral learning, where the smell of cinnamon rolls (a stimulus) leads to his mouth watering (a response), illustrating how external stimuli can influence behavior, akin to the "black box" process where the internal processes between stimulus and response are not observed.

Question 10

Herbal companies traditionally sold their products in cylinder-shaped plastic containers that were very characteristic of the herbal supplement market. One company broke with tradition and began to sell its herbal products in bottles that appeared to be straight from the pharmacy's shelf. They were rectangular with white labels that looked very professional. Sales went through the roof. What form of stimulus generalization most likely worked for the herbal company?
A) masked branding
B) halo effect
C) continual reinforcement
D) shaping

Accepted Answer

The halo effect is likely at play here, where the professional appearance of the packaging led consumers to generalize their positive perceptions of pharmaceutical products' effectiveness and trustworthiness to the herbal products.

Question 11

A relative permanent change of behavior is called ________.
A) lifestyles
B) personality
C) learning
D) all of the above

Accepted Answer

Learning is defined as a relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience. Lifestyles and personality are not defined by changes in behavior due to experience in the same way learning is.

Question 12

When Sophie hums a McDonald's jingle, it is an example of ________.
A) brain worm
B) incidental learning
C) behavior
D) consumer attention

Accepted Answer

Incidental learning occurs when information is acquired without explicit intentions, such as learning a jingle by hearing it repeatedly in advertisements, not through deliberate study or instruction.

Question 13

In instrumental conditioning, what is the distinction between negative reinforcement and punishment?
A) There is no difference. They are two words for the same concept.
B) Negative reinforcement can occur when a stimulus is positive, and punishment only occurs when a stimulus is painful.
C) Negative reinforcement occurs when a negative outcome is avoided, while punishment occurs when an action causes a negative outcome.
D) Negative reinforcement creates a preference for negative results, while punishment teaches people to avoid negative results.

Accepted Answer

Negative reinforcement involves the removal of an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring again, while punishment involves applying an unpleasant stimulus or removing a pleasant one to decrease the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.

Question 14

Which of the following was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov?
A) classical conditioning
B) instrumental conditioning
C) behavioral conditioning
D) psychological conditioning

Accepted Answer

Ivan Pavlov first demonstrated classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs, where he showed how a neutral stimulus, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, could elicit a conditioned response.

Question 15

Which theory listed below assumes that learning take place as the result of responses to external events?
A) behavioral learning
B) episodic learning
C) incidental learning
D) gestalt learning

Accepted Answer

Behavioral learning theory posits that learning is a result of the associations formed between stimuli and responses, emphasizing the importance of external events in the learning process.

Question 16

If a conditioned stimulus is only occasionally matched with an unconditioned stimulus, the association between the two will become weakened. This is called ________.
A) interface
B) repetition
C) the spacing effect
D) extinction

Accepted Answer

Extinction in classical conditioning occurs when a conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus enough times, causing the association between the two to weaken and eventually disappear.

Question 17

Licensing occurs when a company ________.
A) uses family branding
B) "rents" a well-known name
C) extends a product line
D) uses look-alike packaging

Accepted Answer

Licensing involves a company allowing another company to use its brand name, logo, or product characteristics in exchange for a fee or royalty. This is often described as "renting" a well-known name to take advantage of its established market presence and consumer trust.

Question 18

Behavioral learning theorists do not focus on internal thought processes; rather, they look to external evidence to study learning. What aspects of the environment are of most concern to behaviorists in studying learning?
A) energy and work
B) stimulus and response
C) thought and memory
D) sensation and perception

Accepted Answer

Behavioral learning theorists, or behaviorists, focus on observable behaviors and how they're influenced by stimuli from the environment. They are particularly interested in the relationship between stimuli (external events or conditions) and responses (observable behaviors), hence the correct answer is stimulus and response.

Question 19

Sam Bolton hums the Purina Cat Chow jingle as he drives down the expressway. A thought suddenly occurs to Sam: "Why am I humming this stupid jingle? I don't buy this stuff; in fact, I don't even have a cat." Sam knows this jingle is ________.
A) stimulus generalization
B) reinforcement modeling
C) incidental learning
D) operant conditioning

Accepted Answer

Sam's situation is an example of incidental learning, where he has learned the jingle without intentionally trying to remember it, showing how exposure to information can lead to learning without deliberate effort.

Question 20

Stimulus generalization refers to ________.
A) the tendency for stimuli to be similar in nature
B) the fact that most conditioned stimuli are similar to unconditioned stimuli
C) the tendency of stimuli similar to a conditioned stimulus to evoke similar, conditioned responses
D) the tendency for extinction to occur when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a stimulus similar to a conditioned stimulus

Accepted Answer

Stimulus generalization occurs when stimuli that are similar to the conditioned stimulus also evoke similar conditioned responses, even though these stimuli have not been directly associated with the unconditioned stimulus during conditioning.

Quiz 4: Learning Memory

________ refers to the tendency people have to react to stimuli similar to an original stimulus in a classical conditioning situation in much the same way they responded to the original stimulus.

Instrumental conditioning occurs in which of the following ways?

If a woman receives compliments after wearing Obsession perfume, she is more likely to keep buying the product and wearing it. What type of instrumental conditioning has occurred in the situation?

When a professor reviews a certain topic many times, he is practicing ________.

Family branding, licensing, and look-alike packaging are all marketing strategies based on ________.

Much learning takes effort and time, but some learning is so casual as to be unintentional. This type of learning is referred to as ________ learning.

Classical conditioning takes place when a(n) is continuously matched with a(n) .

A relative permanent change of behavior is called ________.

When Sophie hums a McDonald's jingle, it is an example of ________.

In instrumental conditioning, what is the distinction between negative reinforcement and punishment?

Which of the following was first demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov?

Which theory listed below assumes that learning take place as the result of responses to external events?

If a conditioned stimulus is only occasionally matched with an unconditioned stimulus, the association between the two will become weakened. This is called ________.

Licensing occurs when a company ________.

Behavioral learning theorists do not focus on internal thought processes; rather, they look to external evidence to study learning. What aspects of the environment are of most concern to behaviorists in studying learning?

Sam Bolton hums the Purina Cat Chow jingle as he drives down the expressway. A thought suddenly occurs to Sam: "Why am I humming this stupid jingle? I don't buy this stuff; in fact, I don't even have a cat." Sam knows this jingle is ________.

Stimulus generalization refers to ________.