Question 1

Which of the following best summarizes the research findings regarding the effectiveness of using nonpunitive methods to promote behavioural self-control?

Accepted Answer

Research generally supports that nonpunitive methods, such as positive reinforcement and modeling, are effective in promoting behavioral self-control across various age groups.

Question 2

According to Dodge, what is the first step in an aggressive encounter?

Accepted Answer

The first step in an aggressive encounter, according to Dodge, is to encode and interpret social cues. This involves noticing and interpreting the social signals in a given situation before deciding how to respond.

Question 3

According to Gilligan's research, the definition of morality should be broadened to include which of the following concerns?

Accepted Answer

Gilligan's research suggests that traditional definitions of morality, which often focus on justice and rights, should be broadened to include caring and interpersonal relationships. She argues that these aspects are central to moral development, especially in the context of women's moral reasoning.

Question 4

What is the defining characteristic of aggression?

Accepted Answer

Aggression is defined by the intention to cause harm or injury to another living being, regardless of whether harm actually occurs.

Question 5

According to research evidence, why is empathy a poor predictor of altruistic behaviour in young children?

Accepted Answer

Young children often struggle to understand the reasons behind their emotional arousal, which can hinder their ability to act altruistically based on empathetic feelings. They may feel empathy, but their understanding of these emotions in relation to others' needs or distress is not fully developed, making empathy a poor predictor of altruistic behavior at a young age.

Question 6

What form of moral reasoning do people from collectivistic cultures show when they are evaluated with Kohlberg's dilemmas of moral reasoning?

Accepted Answer

People from collectivistic cultures are often judged as reasoning at the conventional level because their moral reasoning emphasizes social harmony and adherence to social rules, which aligns with Kohlberg's conventional level of moral reasoning.

Question 7

In general, how does universalistic moral thinking change as a person ages?

Accepted Answer

Universalistic moral thinking can vary with age, influenced by personal experiences, cultural norms, and cognitive development, leading to increases or decreases in its prominence.

Question 8

Heidi purposely hit Emily with a ball during a school activity.After school, Emily attacked Heidi with her fists.What form of aggression did Emily engage in?

Accepted Answer

Emily's action was in response to Heidi's initial aggression, making it retaliatory aggression.

Question 9

Why has Hoffman's conclusion that rationale-based induction is the most effective disciplinary technique been criticized?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why has Hoffman's conclusion that rationale-based induction...

Question 10

Which form of aggression is more common among boys than girls?

Accepted Answer

Overt aggression, which includes physical or verbal acts intended to harm someone directly, is more common among boys than girls. Girls are more likely to engage in relational aggression, which harms through manipulation of social relationships.

Question 11

Based on the data gathered from numerous cross-cultural studies on aggression in males and females, which of the following conclusions has received the most support?

Accepted Answer

Males are more likely to engage in both physical and verbal aggression, according to the most widely accepted conclusion from cross-cultural research on aggression in males and females.

Question 12

Which of the following best summarizes the findings of Goodenough's research regarding patterns of aggression between the ages of 3 and 5 years?

Accepted Answer

Goodenough's research found that as children aged from 3 to 5 years, there was a shift from physical forms of aggression to more verbal forms of aggression. This indicates a development in communication skills and a decrease in physical aggression as children grow older.

Question 13

Thomas finds a wallet full of cash on the counter of the men's restroom.He immediately turns it in to campus security.If Thomas generally reasons at Kohlberg's Stage 2, how would he most likely justify his actions?

Accepted Answer

At Kohlberg's Stage 2, individuals make decisions based on their own best interests, often considering what actions will directly benefit them. Turning in the wallet in hopes of a reward aligns with this stage's focus on self-interest and the expectation of personal gain for right actions.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the research findings regarding sex differences in the perception and expression of aggression among elementary school students?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that girls are more likely than boys to engage in covert relational aggression, which includes behaviors aimed at damaging or manipulating relationships, such as spreading rumors or excluding others. This form of aggression is less physical and more psychological, aligning with the findings that suggest girls express higher levels of such behavior in comparison to boys.

Question 15

Which of the following people would likely score highest on universalistic moral thinking?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which of the following people would likely...

Question 16

In which of Piaget's stages of moral development are children either unaware of rules or make up rules informally while they play?

Accepted Answer

During the premoral stage, children are either unaware of societal rules or make up rules informally as they play, according to Piaget's theory of moral development. This stage typically occurs before the age of 5.

Question 17

Shaelynn lived in Toronto during the collapse of the World Trade Center towers in New York City.Shaelynn was saddened by the TV images of desperate people passing out photo handbills of their missing relatives, friends, and employees.Given this scenario, which factor is most likely to contribute to Shaelynn's feelings for the survivors?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Shaelynn lived in Toronto during the collapse...

Question 18

What is the process through which a person adopts the morals of society?

Accepted Answer

Internalization is the process through which a person adopts the morals, values, attitudes, and beliefs of their society. It involves incorporating these aspects into one's own personal value system, making them an integral part of one's identity and behavior.

Question 19

During the kindergarten years, what percentage of children report that they have been victims of violence?

Accepted Answer

The answer of During the kindergarten years, what percentage of...

Question 20

According to Olweus, what type of victim is most likely to become targeted by the habitual bully?

Accepted Answer

Passive victims, who are reluctant to fight back, are most likely to become targets for habitual bullies according to Olweus. This is because they are seen as less likely to defend themselves or retaliate, making them easier targets for bullies.

Quiz 15: Moral Development and Aggression