Question 1

According to current research findings, how does the context of the situation influence the expression of stranger anxiety?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that when a stranger interacts with the caregiver first, it can signal to the child that the stranger is safe, thereby reducing stranger anxiety.

Question 2

According to Kochanska's integrative theory of attachment, what is/are the most important contributor(s) to attachment?

Accepted Answer

Kochanska's integrative theory of attachment emphasizes the interaction between the parents' caregiving quality and the infant's temperament as key contributors to the development of attachment. This perspective highlights the importance of both environmental and individual factors in shaping attachment outcomes.

Question 3

According to cognitive-developmental theory, what milestone must be achieved before an infant can form an attachment to his or her primary caregiver?

Accepted Answer

Object permanence is a cognitive milestone where an infant understands that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. This understanding is crucial for forming attachments because it allows the infant to remember and think about the caregiver even when the caregiver is not present, thereby facilitating the development of a stable attachment.

Question 4

Sadiq is an inactive infant who often appears to be somewhat moody.Sometimes, he will look away from his parents if they try to cuddle him.Generally, he protests to changes in his routine, but he does participate in new situations if he can engage with others on his own time.Based on this description, how would you categorize Sadiq's temperament?

Accepted Answer

Sadiq's behavior aligns with the "slow to warm up" temperament category, as he is initially resistant to new situations and changes in routine but can gradually become engaged on his own terms.

Question 5

Can adults accurately interpret emotions displayed by infants?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Can adults accurately interpret emotions displayed by...

Question 6

When Isaac was assessed for socioemotional development, he showed little distress when his mother left him alone in a room and he tended to ignore her when she returned.Based on Kagan's research, how would Isaac's temperament be categorized?

Accepted Answer

Kagan's research suggests that infants who show little distress when separated from their mothers and tend to ignore them upon their return are categorized as "slow to warm up."

Question 7

Developing a secure attachment during infancy is associated with which of the following long-term outcomes?

Accepted Answer

Developing a secure attachment during infancy is positively associated with better problem-solving skills and popularity with peers. Secure attachment provides a foundation for children to explore their environment, develop social skills, and build confidence in their abilities, which contributes to these outcomes.

Question 8

Based on current research evidence, which of the following best describes the contribution of shared and nonshared environmental influences on temperament?

Accepted Answer

Nonshared environmental influences, which are experiences unique to the individual, such as different friends or teachers, have been found to have a stronger impact on an individual's temperament compared to shared environmental influences, which are those shared by siblings, such as parental upbringing or socioeconomic status.

Question 9

Some days Rosella thoroughly enjoys spending time with her 6-month-old daughter and gives her undivided attention.On other days Rosella is so stressed and harried that all she wants is some time to herself, and she is then indifferent to the needs of her daughter.Based on this information, what form of attachment might you expect Rosella's daughter to develop?

Accepted Answer

Resistant attachment can develop in children whose caregivers are inconsistent in their responsiveness and availability, as described in the scenario with Rosella.

Question 10

Suppose that a 5-month-old child turns away and starts crying when a stranger approaches his mother and him in a playground.How would this reaction be regarded by modern developmentalists?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Suppose that a 5-month-old child turns away...

Question 11

If the behaviour of a child's primary attachment figure changes substantially, how will this affect the child's attachment relationship with the caregiver?

Accepted Answer

Both secure and insecure attachments can change based on significant changes in the behavior of a child's primary attachment figure. Attachment theory suggests that the quality of attachment can be altered by changes in the caregiver's behavior or the child's environment, indicating that neither secure nor insecure attachments are fixed and immutable.

Question 12

According to the ethological viewpoint, why do stranger anxiety and separation anxiety become less intense during the second year?

Accepted Answer

As children grow, they use their attachment figure as a secure base to explore, which helps reduce the intensity of stranger and separation anxiety.

Question 13

Which of the following descriptions best characterizes the role of synchronous exchanges in the development of attachment?

Accepted Answer

Synchronous exchanges, such as mutual eye contact, emotional mirroring, and turn-taking in vocalizations, are crucial for the development of reciprocal attachment between caregivers and infants. These interactions help both parties to develop a sense of connection and understanding, contributing to the formation of strong emotional bonds.

Question 14

Suppose an infant encounters a friendly person who is a stranger to him or her.Which of the following persons would be most likely to evoke a fear reaction in a 6- to 12-month-old infant?

Accepted Answer

Infants in the age range of 6 to 12 months often start to show stranger anxiety, which is a fear of unfamiliar people. While they might not react negatively to another child or to someone offering a toy from a distance, being picked up by an unfamiliar adult can trigger a fear response due to the close physical contact and the unfamiliarity of the person.

Question 15

Which of the following best characterizes children with difficult temperaments?

Accepted Answer

Children with difficult temperaments often react vigorously to changes in their routines, displaying more intense emotional responses and challenges in adapting to new situations or alterations in their established patterns.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the characteristics of a "stranger encounter" that an infant is least likely to fear?

Accepted Answer

Infants are less likely to fear a stranger if they can control the pace of the interaction. This sense of control makes the situation less intimidating and allows the infant to engage on their own terms, reducing fear and anxiety.

Question 17

According to Mary Ainsworth, how will a securely attached child behave in the strange-situation test?

Accepted Answer

Securely attached children feel comfortable exploring their environment when their parent is present, indicating they trust the parent as a secure base for exploration.

Question 18

Which attributes of temperament are most strongly affected by shared environmental influences?

Accepted Answer

Shared environmental influences are more likely to affect positive attributes of temperament, such as sociability and positive emotionality, as these are often shaped by family dynamics and shared experiences.

Question 19

Suppose that you observe that an infant is fussing when separated from the mother because he or she did not see her leave the room.Which explanation for separation anxiety would your observation support?

Accepted Answer

This observation supports the cognitive-developmental explanation because it indicates that the infant has not yet developed object permanence, the understanding that objects (including the mother) continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. This is a cognitive milestone in Piaget's theory of cognitive development.

Question 20

Moss's research on attachment-based intervention training programs with at risk mothers has yielded which of the following results?

Accepted Answer

Moss's research on attachment-based intervention training programs with at-risk mothers has shown an increase in parental sensitivity compared to the control group. This suggests that such interventions can positively affect the parent-child relationship by enhancing the parent's responsiveness and attunement to the child's needs.

Quiz 12: Emotional Development, Temperament, and Attachment