Question 1

Which aspect of a local day care's advertisement would be inconsistent with your text's description of quality day care?

Accepted Answer

The text emphasizes the importance of consistent caregivers who develop strong relationships with the children in their care. Having new staff each day would not allow for this consistency and could be detrimental to the children's development.

Question 2

Attachment is most critical to completing which of Erikson's stages of psychosocial development?

Accepted Answer

Attachment is most critical to completing Erikson's stage of Trust versus mistrust, which occurs during infancy. This stage lays the foundation for future relationships and is centered around developing a sense of trust in the world and others. Attachment to a caregiver is crucial for the infant to develop a sense of security and trust.

Question 3

Research indicates that sending a young child to a high-quality day care has ____ effects on a toddler's attachment to their mother and/or father.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that high-quality daycare has no negative effects on a toddler's attachment to their parents. In fact, studies have shown that children in high-quality daycare can develop secure and positive attachments to their caregivers, and these attachments can play a positive role in their overall development.

Question 4

A secure infant attachment predicts ____ during later childhood.

Accepted Answer

Secure infant attachment is linked to more capable peer interactions during later childhood, as it fosters social skills and emotional understanding necessary for interacting with others.

Question 5

What is not an element of a basic emotion?

Accepted Answer

A basic emotion is characterized by a subjective feeling, physiological change, and overt behavior. However, thoughtful consideration is not a part of a basic emotion.

Question 6

Neo's father sat her on her blanket in front of the TV in the living room and left the room to answer a text message from work on his phone. Neo has been playing alone for a while on her blanket and has become upset. When her father returns, she is not comforted but seems angry with her father. Neo is most likely exhibiting a(n) ____ attachment.

Accepted Answer

Neo's behavior suggests that she is upset with her father for leaving her alone and is not comforted when he returns. This is characteristic of a resistant attachment style, where the child seeks closeness with the caregiver but is also angry and resistant when the caregiver returns. A secure attachment would involve the child feeling comforted and secure when the caregiver returns, while an avoidant attachment would involve the child avoiding closeness to the caregiver altogether. Disoriented attachment is characterized by confusion and disorientation in the child's behavior towards the caregiver.

Question 7

Which statement is true regarding basic emotions?

Accepted Answer

Basic emotions, such as happiness, sadness, fear, anger, and disgust, are experienced by people in all cultures. This has been found through cross-cultural research where people from different cultures are able to accurately identify and label facial expressions of basic emotions.

Note: B is incorrect as basic emotions do not necessarily have a self-evaluative component. C is incorrect as some basic emotions, such as distress, can be seen in infants as young as a few months old. D is incorrect as facial expressions are a primary way in which basic emotions are communicated and recognized by others.

Question 8

That twins Siya and Bongi have come to expect their mother, to be available when they need her means that they have both developed

Accepted Answer

The fact that Siya and Bongi expect their mother to be available to them when they need her suggests that they have developed an internal working model of attachment, which is a set of beliefs and expectations about how relationships work based on early experiences with caregivers. This internal working model can shape their future relationships and interactions with others. Temperament refers to a person's innate behavioral and emotional traits, while parallel play refers to children playing alongside each other without actively engaging with each other. Autonomy refers to a sense of independence and self-determination, which is not necessarily related to this scenario.

Question 9

Which type of attachment is characterised by confusion in the infant when the mother leaves and when she returns?

Accepted Answer

This type of attachment is called disorganised attachment, where the infant displays confusing or contradictory behavior in the presence of the caregiver, such as freezing, appearing dazed or disoriented, or displaying contradictory or misdirected behaviors towards the caregiver.

Question 10

What advice should you give to a parent who wants his or her two-month-old to form a secure attachment?

Accepted Answer

Being responsive and caring towards the child's needs helps in forming a secure attachment. This includes responding promptly to cries, providing physical comfort and affection, and paying attention to the child's cues and signals. The other options may not directly contribute to forming a secure attachment at this early stage of the child's development.

Question 11

Securely attached infants tend to show ____ when reunited with a caregiver.

Accepted Answer

Securely attached infants typically seek a brief interaction with their caregiver upon reunion, indicating they feel safe and reassured by the caregiver's presence, which is enough to continue exploring their environment.

Question 12

Which baby is most likely to be insecurely attached?

Accepted Answer

Precious, whose parents tend to not respond to her crying, is most likely to be insecurely attached. The lack of response from caregivers when a baby is distressed can lead to the baby feeling neglected and not comforted, leading to insecure attachment.

Question 13

Lethabo is feeling guilty about sending his 18-month-old off to day care. Assuming Lethabo is sending his daughter to a quality day care centre, should he be worried?

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that children who attend high-quality day care centres have positive outcomes in social and cognitive development. Additionally, when parents are responsive and supportive when they are with their child at home, the child's development is not hindered by day care attendance. Therefore, as long as Lethabo is providing 'good fathering' at home, he should not feel guilty about sending his child to a quality day care centre.

Question 14

In the Strange Situation test, a(n) ____ remains alone in a room with an infant.

Accepted Answer

In the Strange Situation test, a stranger remains alone in a room with an infant as part of the procedure to assess the infant's attachment style.

Question 15

Which combination best predicts an insecure attachment?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that having an insensitive mother and being in low-quality day care is the most predictive of developing an insecure attachment style. Having a sensitive mother can provide some protection against the negative effects of low-quality day care, but if the mother is insensitive, the child is more likely to have negative experiences in daycare that can lead to insecure attachment.

Question 16

Luthando was insecurely attached as an infant. Which behaviour is least likely to occur?

Accepted Answer

Children who are insecurely attached may struggle with social interactions and have difficulty forming friendships, but may not necessarily display anxious or agitated behaviour. Choice A indicates that Luthando is usually calm when interacting with other children, which suggests that she may not display signs of anxiety or distress in social situations.

Question 17

When Faith's mother leaves her alone in a room, she does not move and appears a bit dazed. Faith is most likely exhibiting a(n) ____ attachment.

Accepted Answer

The behavior described suggests disorganized attachment, which is characterized by confusion and fear in the presence of the attachment figure, often as a result of inconsistent or abusive caregiving.

Question 18

One-year-old Rethabile is not upset when her mother leaves the room, and when her mother returns, Rethabile turns away from her. Rethabile is exhibiting ____ attachment.

Accepted Answer

Rethabile's lack of distress when her mother leaves and turning away when she returns suggests an avoidant attachment style where the infant does not seek comfort from their primary caregiver and may even actively avoid them.

Question 19

From an infant's perspective, what is the most critical factor in establishing a secure attachment?

Accepted Answer

From an infant's perspective, the most critical factor in establishing a secure attachment is having a dependable caregiver who is consistently responsive to their needs. This creates a sense of trust and safety for the infant, which is essential for healthy social and emotional development. The other options may be important factors for a child's overall well-being, but they do not have as direct an impact on attachment formation.

Question 20

If two-year-old Khetiwe had an internal working model, she would

Accepted Answer

According to attachment theory, an internal working model is a cognitive framework that determines how an individual experiences and perceives social interactions. Two-year-old Khetiwe's internal working model would most likely include an expectation that her mom will respond when she is upset, as this would reflect a secure attachment relationship. Option A is not relevant to an internal working model, option C is more indicative of private speech than an internal working model, and option D would reflect insecurity in attachment rather than the formation of an internal working model.

Quiz 5: Entering the Social World: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood