Question 1

After playing by himself for a while, young Buhle smiles when he sees the face of his father. What term best describes this response?

Accepted Answer

A social smile is a smile indicating happiness or pleasure that is elicited by social stimuli, such as seeing the face of a familiar person. This is the most appropriate term for the response described in the scenario. Cooperative play involves playing with others towards a common goal, which is not indicated in this scenario. Parallel play involves playing alongside others without active engagement, which is also not indicated in this scenario. Social referencing involves using social cues to guide behavior or understanding, which is not indicated in this scenario.

Question 2

When Adam walks into a dark room, he feels afraid but is able to calm himself down by saying to himself, 'Don't be afraid. There's nothing here that can hurt you.' Apparently, Adam is successfully

Accepted Answer

Adam is regulating his emotions by using self-talk to calm himself down.

Question 3

Which normally developing child would be most likely to have just begun to experience the emotion of anger?

Accepted Answer

Infants typically begin to express basic emotions like anger around 4 to 6 months of age, making Blessing, who is 5 months old, the most likely to have just begun experiencing anger.

Question 4

According to your text, which action would be the most likely cause of anger in a six-month-old?

Accepted Answer

At six months old, babies are often beginning to develop their motor skills and exploring their environment through touching and picking up objects. Restraining them from doing so may lead to frustration and anger. The other options (showing them a picture of a stranger, introducing a loud sound, and having them smell a rotten egg) may not necessarily cause anger in a six-month-old.

Question 5

Who has most probably just developed stranger wariness?

Accepted Answer

Stranger wariness typically develops around the time infants start to crawl, as they become more aware of their surroundings and unfamiliar people.

Question 6

Njabulo is a typical six-month-old. How is she most likely to regulate her emotions if she sees a scary object?

Accepted Answer

At six months old, infants are not developmentally capable of intentionally trying to frighten an object away or consciously regulating their emotions. Looking away from the scary object is a common response seen in infants this age as a form of self-preservation. Making a sad face may also be a possible response, but looking away is the most likely.

Question 7

One-year-old Khetiwe looks at her mother before entering a new room in a strange house. When her mother smiles, Khetiwe proceeds to enter the room. This is an example of

Accepted Answer

This is an example of social referencing, as Khetiwe is using her mother's facial expression and emotional state as a signal for how to behave in the new situation.

Question 8

We would know that two-month-old Bonolo is exhibiting a social smile when she smiles in response to

Accepted Answer

According to developmental psychology, infants begin to exhibit social smiling at around 6 to 8 weeks of age, and this is usually in response to familiar faces, particularly their caregiver's face. Therefore, Bonolo smiling in response to seeing her mother's face is the most appropriate choice for exhibiting a social smile. Choices A and C are related to physiological needs (sleep and food) and not social behavior. Choice D involves a non-social stimulus (cat's tail), which does not fit the definition of social smiling.

Question 9

Dumi and Buhle are both playing with blocks. Though they are playing, they smile at each other and trade blocks from time to time. It is most likely that Dumi and Buhle are involved in

Accepted Answer

Simple social play involves children playing near each other and engaging in similar activities, often with some interaction like smiling or trading blocks, as described in the scenario.

Question 10

Pride, embarrassment, and guilt are all examples of

Accepted Answer

Pride, embarrassment, and guilt are all considered complex emotions because they require a level of self-awareness and social understanding. They involve a range of cognitive and emotional processes, including self-evaluation, social comparison, and moral reasoning, making them more complex than basic emotions like happiness or anger.

Question 11

Prakesh is playing with his ball, and Keshia is playing with her doll, but they are each watching what the other is doing. Prakesh and Keshia are most likely involved in

Accepted Answer

Prakesh and Keshia are engaged in parallel play where they are playing separately but are still aware of each other's actions. They are not working together (cooperative play) or engaging in any specific social play (simple social play). Prosocial behavior refers to actions taken to benefit others, which is not described in the scenario.

Question 12

One-year-old Mondli is afraid of the dog because he saw his father react with fear to the same dog. Which term best explains why Mondli is afraid?

Accepted Answer

Mondli's fear of the dog is a result of social referencing, which occurs when an individual looks to others' emotional reactions to determine how to respond to a particular situation. In this case, Mondli looked to his father's fearful reaction to the dog and learned to be fearful of the dog himself.

Question 13

You are studying the basic emotions of 11-month-olds from the U.S.A. and China. What differences would you expect in how these basic emotions are expressed?

Accepted Answer

Cultural differences can influence the expression of emotions, and research suggests that Chinese infants may show less expressiveness in emotions like crying and smiling compared to American infants due to cultural norms emphasizing restraint.

Question 14

Complex emotions differ from basic emotions in that complex emotions require some understanding of

Accepted Answer

Complex emotions, such as jealousy or empathy, require some level of self-awareness and understanding of social norms and expectations. Basic emotions, such as fear or anger, are innate and do not necessarily require this level of cognitive processing.

Question 15

An increase in heart rate is a ____ manifestation of an emotion.

Accepted Answer

Physiological responses, such as an increase in heart rate, are a common manifestation of emotions as they result from changes in the autonomic nervous system in response to emotional stimuli. Sociocultural factors may influence the expression of emotions, subjective experience is based on perception and interpretation of emotions, and behavioral responses may also accompany emotions, but these are not directly physiological manifestations.

Question 16

Research results have provided evidence that the ability to distinguish facial features associated with different emotions first develops as early as ____ of age.

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that infants as young as four months old can distinguish between different facial expressions associated with emotions.

Question 17

According to the textbook, by age nine reasons for fear typically shift from fear of the dark and fear of imaginary monsters to

Accepted Answer

According to the textbook, by age nine reasons for fear typically shift from fear of the dark and fear of imaginary monsters to fears related to school, health, and personal harm.

Question 18

Who is most likely exhibiting a complex emotion?

Accepted Answer

Pride is considered a complex emotion because it involves self-evaluation and an understanding of social norms, which are more advanced cognitive processes than basic emotions like joy, anger, or fear.

Question 19

Seven-month-old Mpho seems very content being held by his mother. When the new neighbour from across the street comes over to greet Mpho, he turns his head away from the neighbour and starts to cry. What term best explains Mpho's response to the neighbour?

Accepted Answer

Mpho's response to the new neighbour is an example of stranger wariness, which is a common reaction in infants around 6-7 months old when they become more aware of unfamiliar people and may become wary, fearful or cry when in the presence of strangers.

Question 20

Children who do not regulate their emotions well

Accepted Answer

Children who do not regulate their emotions well tend to have problems interacting with peers because they may have difficulty controlling their reactions to situations. This can lead to social isolation and difficulties forming and maintaining friendships.

Quiz 5: Entering the Social World: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood