Question 1

With regard to social roles, female activities are typically more

Accepted Answer

Female activities, especially in traditional contexts, are often more solitary, reflecting roles that are centered around domestic responsibilities and caregiving tasks, which can be more isolating compared to some male roles that are more community or outward-facing.

Question 2

Sadie and Bandile have a young daughter and a young son. As typical parents, they most likely treat their children the same except when it comes to

Accepted Answer

Parents often engage in rough-and-tumble play more with sons than daughters due to traditional gender norms and expectations.

Question 3

Which description of the sex difference in spatial ability is the most accurate?

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently demonstrated a small but significant sex difference in spatial ability, with boys' average test scores being higher than girls'. However, it is important to note that there is significant overlap between the sexes, meaning that there are plenty of girls who have excellent spatial ability, and plenty of boys who do not.

Question 4

Ben sees a group of girls playing in the sand and decides that playing in the sand is for girls. Ben's behaviour illustrates the concept of _____.

Accepted Answer

Ben's behavior illustrates gender-schema theory, which suggests that individuals have mental frameworks that influence how they perceive and categorize gender-related activities and roles.

Question 5

Siya is a seven-year-old boy who fidgets and pesters the students sitting next to him. Siya's behaviour shows low

Accepted Answer

Siya's behaviour indicates a lack of effortful control, which involves the ability to regulate one's emotions, attention, and behaviour to achieve goals and adapt to situations. Fidgeting and pestering suggest difficulty with self-regulation, which is a key aspect of effortful control. The other options are not relevant to Siya's behaviour.

Question 6

Johan is a five-year-old who knows that he is a boy, and that he is a boy whether he's playing with his toys or his sister's toys. This indicates that Johan has developed

Accepted Answer

Johan's understanding that he is still a boy regardless of the toys he plays with demonstrates gender stability, which is the concept that gender is a stable characteristic that remains consistent over time and across situations. Prosocial behaviour, cooperative play, and social roles are not directly related to Johan's understanding of his gender identity.

Question 7

After children understand gender, there are changes in their behaviour toward more gender-specific preferences. Which preferences do not change during this period of development?

Accepted Answer

Preferences for certain foods are not typically gender-specific and do not change during this period of development. Children may have food preferences based on personal taste or cultural background, but these preferences are not influenced by their understanding of gender.

Question 8

Which statement is false with regard to gender-schema theory?

Accepted Answer

Children who refer to themselves by gender are more likely to play with gender-stereotyped toys, not less often.

Question 9

Thando is upset with her friend Nandi. In order to 'get even' with her, she tries to make Nandi's other friends mad at Nandi by making up stories about her. What is this sort of behaviour called?

Accepted Answer

This sort of behavior is called relational aggression, which involves using relationships as a means of inflicting harm or manipulating others. In this case, Thando is trying to harm Nandi's relationships with her other friends by spreading false stories.

Question 10

Which statement is most reflective of the use of a gender schema?

Accepted Answer

The question "Is soccer for boys or for girls?" reflects the use of a gender schema as it assumes that activities and interests are gendered and categorized as appropriate for boys/men or girls/women.

Question 11

Dumi's statement, 'I am a boy', is an example of

Accepted Answer

Dumi's statement, "I am a boy," indicates that he understands his own gender and is able to label it correctly. This is an example of gender labelling. Gender stability refers to the understanding that gender remains constant over time, while gender constancy refers to the understanding that gender is not determined by external factors. A gender-role stereotype is a belief or expectation about how people should behave based on their gender.

Question 12

Precious is a girl who has congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). This means that it is more likely that Precious will prefer ____ more than other girls.

Accepted Answer

CAH can result in increased levels of androgens, which are typically associated with masculine characteristics and behaviors. Therefore, it is more likely that Precious will prefer masculine activities.

Question 13

A gender-schema theorist would be most likely to argue that young children are

Accepted Answer

According to gender-schema theory, children are constantly looking for cues about gender and use those cues to form their gender schemas or mental frameworks for understanding gender. These schemas then influence their gender-based behaviors and attitudes. Therefore, young children are actively seeking information about gender and making sense of it through their experiences, rather than being born with a basic gender identity or being uninfluenced by environmental experiences.

Question 14

When three-year-old Jabu, who is male, says 'I'm going to grow up to be a mommy', he is failing to demonstrate a sense of

Accepted Answer

Gender stability refers to the concept that a person's gender is a stable characteristic that does not change over time, despite external changes in appearance or behavior. Jabu's statement shows a lack of understanding of gender stability, as he believes he can become a "mommy" despite being male.

Question 15

As a typical 10-year-old female, Enzokuhle is more likely to ______ than a same-age male counterpart.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that girls tend to be more emotionally expressive than boys. While there may be exceptions, this is a general trend observed among children.

Question 16

Hlengiwe believes that she cannot play soccer because 'I'm a girl, and girls aren't supposed to play soccer.' This belief is most likely an aspect of Hlengiwe's

Accepted Answer

Hlengiwe's belief that girls are not supposed to play soccer is related to her gender identity and the societal norms and expectations associated with it. It is not related to insecure attachment or prosocial behavior. It may have an impact on her self-esteem, but it is not the root cause of her belief.

Question 17

Which finding is not consistent with research studies of sex differences?

Accepted Answer

Research studies have found that there are differences in aggression levels between males and females, with males being more physically aggressive on average. Studies have also found that females tend to have larger vocabularies and fewer language-related problems than males. However, there is no consistent evidence that suggests that males are more likely to comply with the directions of adults.

Question 18

According to Kohlberg, when three-year-old Ayanda thinks about herself,

Accepted Answer

Kohlberg's theory suggests that at the age of three, children are able to label themselves as either boys or girls, which shows a basic understanding of gender identity. Therefore, the best choice is A. The other choices correspond to more advanced stages of development according to Kohlberg's theory.

Question 19

The statement 'girls always grow up to be women' provides an example of

Accepted Answer

Gender stability is the idea that one's gender remains stable over time. The statement "girls always grow up to be women" implies that a person's gender remains the same from childhood to adulthood, thus demonstrating gender stability. It does not necessarily involve gender-role stereotyping, the one-to-one principle, or a specific gender role.

Question 20

On average, boys are ____ than girls.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that, on average, boys tend to perform better on spatial tasks compared to girls. There is no evidence to support the other options presented.

Quiz 5: Entering the Social World: Socioemotional Development in Infancy and Early Childhood