Question 1

By English common law definition, rape could only be committed by a male against whom?

Accepted Answer

By English common law definition, only a man could commit rape, and it could only be committed against a woman who was not his wife. This definition has now been expanded to include all genders and recognizes that rape can occur within a marriage. However, in the context of the given question, the answer would still be B as it refers to the English common law definition. The other options are not correct as they do not align with the traditional definition of rape under English common law.

Question 2

What remains the key factor that distinguishes a sexual assault from an unpleasant sexual experience with an overly aggressive partner?

Accepted Answer

Lack of consent is the key factor that distinguishes a sexual assault from an unpleasant sexual experience with an overly aggressive partner. Consent must be freely given and enthusiastic for any sexual encounter to be considered consensual. If one person is coerced or pressured into sexual activity, it is not consensual and can be considered assault.

Question 3

According to analysis of National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS) data from 2005 to 2010, about what percentage of female sexual assault victims were so severely injured that they sought medical care?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to analysis of National Crime Victimization...

Question 4

Which of these is defined as suffering repeated rapes, generally by an intimate or acquaintance?

Accepted Answer

Series victimization is defined as suffering repeated rapes, generally by an intimate or acquaintance. The other options, aggravated battery and assault, refer to different types of physical violence. Cycle of violence refers to the pattern of escalating abuse and reconciliation often seen in abusive relationships.

Question 5

Which of the following statements regarding reporting rates is true?

Accepted Answer

Fewer than a quarter of victims reporting rape to the NCVS (National Crime Victimization Survey) also report to police, indicating a significant gap between the occurrence of rape and its reporting to law enforcement authorities. This reflects challenges in the reporting process and the personal decisions of victims.

Question 6

Among measures implemented that were designed to address sexual assaults and other sexual misconduct on college campuses, which of the following was chronologically LAST (most recent)?

Accepted Answer

The White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault was established on January 22, 2014, which was the most recent development among the listed measures. B, C, and D all occurred prior to this date.

Question 7

Which sociological concept can be applied to rapes perpetrated by armed complete strangers against unsuspecting females who are ambushed in darkness via blitz attacks?

Accepted Answer

The concept of an ideal type is a tool used in sociology to describe a generalized, simplified model of a social phenomenon. In this case, an ideal type of rape perpetrated by armed complete strangers against unsuspecting females who are ambushed in darkness via blitz attacks can be constructed. While it may not capture all of the nuances and complexities of any individual case, it can help us to understand and analyze common patterns and elements of this type of crime.

Question 8

Those who reexperience their attacks over and over again in nightmares and flashbacks have symptoms of which disorder?

Accepted Answer

Reexperiencing symptoms such as nightmares and flashbacks are characteristic of post-traumatic stress disorder. False-memory syndrome, intimate violence syndrome, and separation anxiety disorder do not involve reexperiencing of traumatic events.

Question 9

Regarding recent research into sexual assaults in the military, which of the following is true?

Accepted Answer

According to recent research, women make up only 15 percent of service members but nearly half of those who report being assaulted. Option A is incorrect as the research does not mention whether there has been an increase in victim reporting or not. Option C is incorrect as the research does not mention how often bullying or hazing with unwanted male-on-male sexual contact happens in the military. Option D is partially correct as the research mentions that females are more likely to file complaints, but it states that retaliation affected a much higher percentage - almost two-thirds - of those who did.

Question 10

Which issue is central to any rape complaint?

Accepted Answer

Consent is the central issue in any rape complaint. In order for a sexual encounter to be considered consensual, all parties involved must freely and enthusiastically give their consent. If one party does not give their consent or is unable to give their consent (due to being under the influence of drugs or alcohol, underage, mentally incapacitated, etc.), then any sexual encounter that takes place is considered non-consensual and therefore, can be considered rape. Forensic evidence and physical injuries can be important pieces of evidence in a rape case, but without evidence of lack of consent, it cannot be considered rape.

Question 11

What did the Supreme Court rule in the Coker v.Georgia case?

Accepted Answer

The Supreme Court ruled in Coker v. Georgia that the death penalty was an excessive punishment for the crime of rape.

Question 12

The belief that the woman's word alone should not be enough to secure a conviction in a rape case is based on which of these concerns?

Accepted Answer

This belief is based on a combination of concerns, including the social stigma faced by defendants charged with rape, the possibility of false accusations for various motives, and the fundamental legal principle that the accused is entitled to the presumption of innocence until proven guilty.

Question 13

What the crime of rape was called in English common law?

Accepted Answer

In English common law, the crime of rape was called "unlawful carnal knowledge."

Question 14

In which case did the Supreme Court establish the right of persons accused of capital crimes to be represented by competent counsel provided by the government?

Accepted Answer

In Powell v. Alabama (1932), the Supreme Court ruled that under the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, persons accused of capital crimes must be provided with competent counsel by the government. This case established the right to counsel for those accused of serious crimes and laid the groundwork for the landmark decision in Gideon v. Wainwright (1963), which extended this right to all felony defendants.

Question 15

In the United States, the crime of rape is now described as which of the following?

Accepted Answer

In the United States, the crime of rape is now described as gender-neutral, meaning it can be committed by a person of any gender against a person of any gender. This change in definition reflects a more inclusive understanding of sexual violence and acknowledges that anyone can be a victim or perpetrator of rape or sexual assault.

Question 16

Generally, what kind of laws stipulate that the defense cannot introduce evidence about the accuser's past sexual conduct unless the woman has previously been convicted of prostitution, has had consensual sex before with the defendant, or has an obvious incentive to lie?

Accepted Answer

Rape shield laws are designed to protect victims of sexual assault from having their past sexual conduct used against them in court as a way to discredit their testimony. These laws generally prohibit the defense from introducing evidence of the victim's sexual history unless certain conditions are met, such as the ones mentioned in the question. Statutory rape laws and sexual battery laws are different types of laws related to sexual offenses, and victim advocacy laws generally refer to laws and regulations that aim to protect and support victims of various types of crimes, including sexual assault.

Question 17

The word "rape" comes from the Latin word rapere.What does rapere mean?

Accepted Answer

The Latin word rapere means "to take by force," which accurately reflects the nature of the crime of rape as a non-consensual, violent act of sexual assault.

Question 18

According to the National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS), the lowest annual reporting rates for rape as of 2016 have been about what percent, while the highest was what percent?

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the National Crime Victimization Surveys...

Question 19

Until the late 1980s, most prosecutors were reluctant to pursue which kind of rape cases?

Accepted Answer

Until the late 1980s, most prosecutors were reluctant to pursue date rape cases, largely due to societal attitudes and the difficulty in proving non-consensual sex in situations where the victim and perpetrator knew each other.

Question 20

Arguments in favor of disclosing victims' names in the media include which of the following?

Accepted Answer

This is because there is an argument for the public's right to know, especially when it comes to crimes and the individuals affected by them. However, it is important to weigh this against the potential harm or trauma that could be caused to the victim by disclosing their name. Overall, it is a complex issue that requires consideration of multiple factors.

Quiz 5: Victims Contributions to the Crime Problem