Question 1

Objective measure is to subjective measure as
A)intensity is to frequency.
B)diversity is to specificity.
C)density is to crowding.
D)sample is to population.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Objective measure is to subjective measure as
A)intensity...

Question 2

"Gated communities" have sprung up in many cities because they designate a "defensible space" that discourages intrusions. They are examples of
A)social gating.
B)social traps.
C)proxemic boundaries.
D)territorial markers.

Accepted Answer

Gated communities are examples of territorial markers as they define and protect a specific area, discouraging intrusions by establishing clear boundaries.

Question 3

Many architects now discourage vandalism and graffiti in public places through all of the following methods EXCEPT
A)limiting opportunities for vandalism, such as the use of tiled walls.
B)weakening the lure of likely targets, such as raised flower beds around signs.
C)expanding the amount of biodata in the surrounding areas.
D)"hardening" and "de-opportunizing" physical environments.

Accepted Answer

Expanding the amount of biodata in the surrounding areas does not directly relate to discouraging vandalism and graffiti. The other options (A, B, D) involve specific design strategies to deter or reduce the likelihood of vandalism and graffiti.

Question 4

A person who says, "There are too many people in my face, and I need some space," is probably suffering from
A)hypochondriasis.
B)crowding.
C)social density.
D)socialists.

Accepted Answer

The answer of A person who says, "There are too...

Question 5

In every city more assaults and burglaries take place near the few restaurants or bars where likely offenders tend to hang out, which illustrates
A)that alcohol consumption is a direct cause of aggression.
B)that most offenders are homeless.
C)the biological biasing effect on behavior.
D)environmental influences on behavior.

Accepted Answer

The presence of more assaults and burglaries near certain restaurants or bars suggests that the environment, such as the type of places where offenders hang out, influences behavior. This does not directly imply alcohol causes aggression, that most offenders are homeless, or a biological bias, but rather points to the impact of environmental factors.

Question 6

Vandalism in public places can be minimized by careful attention to
A)critical markers.
B)proxemics.
C)environmental design.
D)attention overload.

Accepted Answer

Environmental design can minimize vandalism by creating spaces that discourage destructive behavior through their layout, materials, and use of space. This approach can include strategies like natural surveillance, territorial reinforcement, and maintenance to deter vandals.

Question 7

The sources of urban stress include all of the following EXCEPT
A)overstimulation.
B)critical incidents.
C)crowding.
D)impersonality.

Accepted Answer

Critical incidents, such as natural disasters or terrorist attacks, are not exclusive to urban environments and can occur in any setting, urban or rural. The other options are more specifically related to urban stress factors.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT one of the results from Calhoun's study of rats in the overcrowded colony?
A)increased maternal protection of the young rats
B)indiscriminate aggression among the rats
C)rats experiencing stress-caused diseases
D)some rats showing sexual passivity and others displaying hypersexuality

Accepted Answer

John B. Calhoun's study on rat populations under conditions of overcrowding found several behavioral changes, such as indiscriminate aggression, stress-related diseases, and variations in sexual behavior, but increased maternal protection was not observed. Instead, the study noted a breakdown in social structures, including inadequate maternal care.

Question 9

Traffic congestion, pollution, crime, and impersonality are sources of
A)urban stress.
B)biodata.
C)critical incidents.
D)all of these.

Accepted Answer

Urban stress is often caused by factors such as traffic congestion, pollution, crime, and impersonality, which are common in densely populated areas.

Question 10

Major sources of urban stress include
A)noise.
B)crowding.
C)overstimulation.
D)all of these.

Accepted Answer

All of the options listed - noise, crowding, and overstimulation - are major sources of stress in urban environments, contributing to the overall stress experienced by individuals living in cities.

Question 11

When researchers assess the number of individuals in a given space, they are measuring
A)density.
B)crowding.
C)overload.
D)bombardment.

Accepted Answer

Density refers to the number of individuals within a specific area or volume, which is what researchers are measuring when they assess the number of individuals in a given space.

Question 12

Placing signs in raised flower beds protects signs from vandalism because people resist trampling the flowers to get to the sign. This is an example of how architects, using psychological research, are able to reduce vandalism
A)by utilizing biodata.
B)by weakening the lure of likely targets.
C)through a critical incidents analysis.
D)through territorial overload.

Accepted Answer

Placing signs in raised flower beds makes the signs less accessible and less tempting as targets for vandalism, effectively weakening the lure of these likely targets. This strategy does not directly involve biodata, critical incidents analysis, or territorial overload, but rather it is an example of designing environments in a way that naturally discourages unwanted behaviors.

Question 13

Calhoun's study of overcrowding showed that animals in overcrowded conditions
A)reproduce more rapidly.
B)become more cooperative.
C)increase their maternal behavior.
D)die from stress-caused diseases.

Accepted Answer

Calhoun's study of overcrowding in animals, particularly noted in his rat and mouse utopia experiments, demonstrated that high-density living conditions led to a range of negative outcomes, including social breakdown, aggressive behavior, and ultimately, an increase in mortality often due to stress-related diseases. This research highlighted the psychological and physiological impacts of overcrowded environments.

Question 14

Crowding, noise, and overstimulation are considered major sources of
A)urban stress.
B)biodata.
C)critical incidents.
D)all of these.

Accepted Answer

Crowding, noise, and overstimulation are significant factors contributing to urban stress, as they are common elements of densely populated areas that can lead to psychological and physical discomfort.

Question 15

Regarding the implications of overcrowding among people, which of the following statements is FALSE?
A)Most laboratory studies using human subjects have failed to produce any serious ill effects by crowding people into small places.
B)Disadvantages, such as poor nutrition and low education, influence the relationship between overcrowding and pathological behavior in humans.
C)Crowding in urban areas contributes to the stress experienced by its residents.
D)Overcrowding has been shown to be the direct cause of the violence and social disorganization seen in urban areas.

Accepted Answer

Overcrowding is often associated with a range of social issues, but it is not the direct cause of violence and social disorganization. These phenomena are influenced by a complex interplay of factors including socioeconomic status, access to resources, and environmental stressors, rather than being directly caused by overcrowding itself.

Question 16

The subjective feeling of being overstimulated by social inputs or a loss of privacy is called
A)territorial pollution.
B)density.
C)dehumanization.
D)crowding.

Accepted Answer

Crowding refers to the subjective feeling of being overstimulated by social inputs or experiencing a loss of privacy, often due to being in a densely populated area.

Question 17

Studies of overcrowding in a rat colony showed that
A)crowded animals become more docile and cooperative.
B)each animal, although crowded, claims a private territory and adapts effectively.
C)crowding produces pathological social behaviors and stress-caused diseases.
D)the population continued to rise rapidly as pregnancies increased and infant mortality decreased.

Accepted Answer

Studies on overcrowding in rat colonies have demonstrated that high population densities can lead to increased stress, aggression, and a range of pathological social behaviors among the animals. This is due to the heightened competition for resources, space, and social dominance, which can negatively impact the well-being and health of the animals, leading to stress-related diseases.

Question 18

Doorless toilet stalls and tiled walls tend to limit vandalism and graffiti. These are examples of how architects have used psychological research to prevent vandalism
A)through the use of biodata.
B)by "hardening" and "de-opportunizing" public settings.
C)by appealing to the sensations and perceptions of the public.
D)by appealing to the "aesthetic nature" within each person.

Accepted Answer

The strategy of "hardening" and "de-opportunizing" public settings involves making environments less susceptible to vandalism by removing opportunities or making it more difficult for such acts to occur, as exemplified by doorless toilet stalls and tiled walls which are harder to deface and easier to clean.

Question 19

Which of the following researchers performed a classic experiment in which he let a group of laboratory rats breed without limit in a confined space?
A)Stanley Milgram
B)John Calhoun
C)Frederick Taylor
D)Douglas McGregor

Accepted Answer

John Calhoun conducted experiments on rat populations by allowing them to breed in a confined space, which led to observations on social behavior under crowded conditions.

Question 20

Examples of environmental designs that influence people's behavior include
A)the use of raised flower beds to protect signs since people resist trampling the flowers to get to the sign.
B)the twisting pathways within malls that make people linger longer to look at merchandise.
C)the arrangements of college classrooms that clearly define a speaker-audience relationship.
D)all of these.

Accepted Answer

Each example provided (A, B, and C) illustrates how environmental design can influence human behavior, from protecting signs with flower beds to encouraging longer stays in malls and defining social interactions in classrooms.

Quiz 18: Applied Psychology

Objective measure is to subjective measure as

"Gated communities" have sprung up in many cities because they designate a "defensible space" that discourages intrusions. They are examples of

Many architects now discourage vandalism and graffiti in public places through all of the following methods EXCEPT

A person who says, "There are too many people in my face, and I need some space," is probably suffering from

In every city more assaults and burglaries take place near the few restaurants or bars where likely offenders tend to hang out, which illustrates

Vandalism in public places can be minimized by careful attention to

The sources of urban stress include all of the following EXCEPT

Which of the following is NOT one of the results from Calhoun's study of rats in the overcrowded colony?

Traffic congestion, pollution, crime, and impersonality are sources of

Major sources of urban stress include

When researchers assess the number of individuals in a given space, they are measuring

Placing signs in raised flower beds protects signs from vandalism because people resist trampling the flowers to get to the sign. This is an example of how architects, using psychological research, are able to reduce vandalism

Calhoun's study of overcrowding showed that animals in overcrowded conditions

Crowding, noise, and overstimulation are considered major sources of

Regarding the implications of overcrowding among people, which of the following statements is FALSE?

The subjective feeling of being overstimulated by social inputs or a loss of privacy is called

Studies of overcrowding in a rat colony showed that

Doorless toilet stalls and tiled walls tend to limit vandalism and graffiti. These are examples of how architects have used psychological research to prevent vandalism

Which of the following researchers performed a classic experiment in which he let a group of laboratory rats breed without limit in a confined space?

Examples of environmental designs that influence people's behavior include