Question 1

Focusing on conditions within the urban environment that affect delinquency rates is known as what theory?

Accepted Answer

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Question 2

According to Cohen, what are the standards by which teachers evaluate students' behavior?

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Question 3

Who applied Durkheim's ideas to the onset of crime and delinquency in contemporary society?

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Question 4

What is the process by which people learn to adopt the behavior patterns of the community and develop the skills necessary to participate and function within their culture and environment?

Accepted Answer

Socialization is the process by which individuals learn and adopt the behaviors, norms, and skills necessary to function within their society and culture.

Question 5

Alice is 16 and lives with her mother and four younger siblings in an impoverished neighborhood. Alice does well in school and will be the first of her family to graduate from high school.  She knows she could have a better life by getting a college degree, but she does not have the means to go to college and no one ever talks to Alice about furthering her education.  Like many teenage girls her age, Alice wants trendy clothes, fashionable shoes, and expensive handbags.  Alice works part-time at the local grocery store, but her earnings go to her mother to help with family finances.  Alice is approached and asked to carry drugs to the dealers around town.  She agrees; after all, she is not the one selling the drugs so she really is not hurting anyone.  The money Alice makes allows her to quit her job at the grocery store, help her mother, and buy clothes, shoes, and handbags.  She now thinks that is not necessary to finish school.  According to neutralization theory, which of the following techniques best fits Alice? ​

Accepted Answer

The answer of Alice is 16 and lives with her...

Question 6

Jill is a senior in high school.  All through her academic career she has made good grades and has never engaged in delinquent acts.  Two months prior to graduation, Jill's mother was in an automobile accident; a man under the influence of alcohol ran a red light and crashed into Jill's mother's car, killing her on impact.  Jill was close to her mother and her death strongly impacted Jill's behavior.  She began staying out late, her grades started slipping, and she began drinking alcohol.  What negative affective state, according to Agnew, is Jill experiencing? ​

Accepted Answer

Jill is experiencing the removal of positively valued stimuli, as her mother, a significant and positively valued presence in her life, was suddenly taken away from her due to the accident. This loss has led to changes in her behavior and emotional state.

Question 7

Most likely responsible for the exceedingly high rate of delinquency, what distinctive feature in American society has been allowed to develop to an extraordinary degree, according to Messner and Rosenfeld?

Accepted Answer

Messner and Rosenfeld argue that anomic conditions, which are states of normlessness or a breakdown in the social fabric, are most responsible for the high rates of delinquency in American society. This is due to the extreme emphasis on success goals over legitimate means to achieve them, leading to strain and anomie.

Question 8

What, according to Reckless, insulates a youth from criminogenic influences in the environment?

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Question 9

What is the name of the process whereby youth move between behavior that is sometimes unconventional or deviant and at other times restrained and thoughtful?

Accepted Answer

Drift refers to the process where youth oscillate between unconventional or deviant behaviors and more restrained, thoughtful actions. This concept suggests that young people's behaviors are not fixed and can change depending on various factors, including social context and personal development.

Question 10

Many of the buildings are boarded up and left to decay, the majority of the residences in the area are apartment buildings with a transient population, no one seems to care about their neighborhood, and according to statistics, the area is densely populated. What zone does this describe?

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Question 11

According to the text, lacking a particular bond may foreshadow a condition in which risk becomes a reasonable behavior alternative.  A deficit in which of the following bonds describes this outcome?

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Question 12

According to Walter Miller, clinging to what promotes illegal or violent behavior?

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Question 13

What refers to the process by which an established culture teaches an individual its norms and values, thus enabling the individual to become an accepted member of society?

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Question 14

Alice is 16 and lives with her mother and four younger siblings in an impoverished neighborhood. Alice does well in school and will be the first of her family to graduate from high school.  She knows she could have a better life by getting a college degree, but she does not have the means to go to college and no one ever talks to Alice about furthering her education.  Like many teenage girls her age, Alice wants trendy clothes, fashionable shoes, and expensive handbags.  Alice works part-time at the local grocery store, but her earnings go to her mother to help with family finances.  Alice is approached and asked to carry drugs to the dealers around town.  She agrees; after all, she is not the one selling the drugs so she really is not hurting anyone.  The money Alice makes allows her to quit her job at the grocery store, help her mother, and buy clothes, shoes, and handbags.  She now thinks that is not necessary to finish school.  According to Merton's social adaptation theory, which mode of adaptation best describes Alice? ​

Accepted Answer

Alice's behavior aligns with innovation in Merton's social adaptation theory, as she accepts societal goals (wealth, success) but adopts illegitimate means (drug trafficking) to achieve them, diverging from socially approved methods.

Question 15

Mechanisms such as direct criticism, ridicule, ostracism, desertion, or physical punishment are considered what form of social control?

Accepted Answer

These mechanisms are examples of informal social control, which relies on interpersonal relationships and cultural norms to regulate behavior rather than formal rules and laws.

Question 16

What is the view that lower-class individuals form a separate culture within their own values and norms and that these values and norms are at times in conflict with conventional society? ​

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Question 17

According to GST, child abuse and neglect, school failure, family and/or peer conflicts, racism, and discrimination are experiences associated with what source of strain?

Accepted Answer

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Question 18

What theory links the onset of delinquency to the weakening of the ties that bind people to society?

Accepted Answer

Social bond theory suggests that delinquency is more likely to occur when individuals have weak ties to society. These ties can include family, school, and community involvement. When these ties are weak, individuals are less likely to feel connected to society and are more likely to engage in delinquent behavior.

Question 19

What theory promotes the thought that learning occurs within intimate personal groups?

Accepted Answer

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Question 20

What theory maintains that all people have the potential to violate the law, as modern society presents many opportunities for illegal activities that promise immediate reward and gratification?

Accepted Answer

Social control theory posits that all individuals have the potential to violate the law because modern society presents numerous opportunities for illegal activities that promise immediate rewards and gratification. This theory emphasizes the role of societal norms and relationships in controlling individuals' behavior and suggests that people are restrained from committing crimes primarily by their bonds to family, school, and other aspects of society.

Quiz 4: Social Structure, Process, Culture, and Delinquency