Question 1

Research indicates that in societies where there is an intact rule of law, people are ____. ​
A)happier
B)less creative ​
C)more aggressive ​
D)less likely to help one another in times of hardship ​

Accepted Answer

Research shows that societies with a strong rule of law tend to have happier citizens because the predictability and fairness of laws contribute to a sense of security and well-being.

Question 2

According to research, when will a company's employees be MOST likely to help one another out and speak well of their jobs?
A)When they think that the rules at work are fair and respectful
B)When they think that they are being paid more than other people (regardless of how much they are actually being paid)
C)When they think that they are being paid a lot (regardless of what other people are being paid)
D)When they think that they are less skilled/capable than their fellow employees

Accepted Answer

Perceptions of fairness and respect in the workplace, known as organizational justice, significantly influence employee behavior. When employees believe that rules and policies are fair, they are more likely to engage in positive behaviors such as helping each other and speaking positively about their jobs. This is because a fair environment fosters trust, commitment, and a sense of community among employees.

Question 3

The term sensitivity about being the target of a threatening upward compariso n  refers to ____.
A)the tendency to compare yourself to unrealistically high standards and thus set yourself up for disappointment
B)a generalized tendency to worry excessively about what other people think of you
C)concern about not living up to others' expectations of you and therefore disappointing them
D)interpersonal concern about the consequences of outperforming others

Accepted Answer

Sensitivity about being the target of a threatening upward comparison refers to the worry or concern one might have about the negative interpersonal consequences (e.g., envy, resentment) that can arise from outperforming others.

Question 4

Tom decides to give his three children an allowance in exchange for doing chores around the house. He gives them $12 each week regardless of how many chores they do. This scenario illustrates ____.
A)equality
B)reciprocity
C)conformity
D)equity

Accepted Answer

Equality is illustrated in this scenario because each child receives the same amount of allowance ($12) each week, regardless of the amount of work they do. This means that the distribution is uniform and does not vary based on individual contributions, which aligns with the principle of equality.

Question 5

The opposite of prosocial behavior is ____.
A)conformity
B)antisocial behavior
C)altruistic helping
D)egomaniacal behavior

Accepted Answer

Antisocial behavior is the correct answer because it refers to actions that harm or lack consideration for the well-being of others, which is the opposite of prosocial behavior that aims to benefit others.

Question 6

A society in which people respect and follow the rules is said to have an effective ____. ​
A)balance of equity
B)prosocial prism ​
C)rule of law ​
D)reciprocity effect ​

Accepted Answer

The term "rule of law" refers to a principle under which all members of a society, including those in government, are considered equally subject to publicly disclosed legal codes and processes. This ensures that laws are followed and respected, leading to an effective and orderly society.

Question 7

When Molly was ill, her neighbor Sarah looked after her. A few months later, when Sarah falls sick,Molly returns the favor by taking care of her.This scenario illustrates ____.
A)reciprocity
B)equality
C)conformity
D)equity

Accepted Answer

Reciprocity is demonstrated in this scenario, as it involves a mutual exchange where Molly and Sarah take turns caring for each other when one is sick.

Question 8

What is a good example of prosocial behavior?
A)Taking your best friend to the hospital when she is sick
B)Rushing while ignoring traffic rules to get home on time
C)Refraining from booing the opposing team at a football game
D)Wearing a jacket when it is cold

Accepted Answer

Prosocial behavior involves actions intended to benefit others, such as helping, sharing, or providing support. Taking a friend to the hospital when she is sick is an example of helping behavior, which is prosocial.

Question 9

Prosocial behavior is defined as ____.
A)any behavior that hinders the development of society
B)any behavior that is good for other people or for society as a whole
C)conformity
D)behavior that does not benefit oneself

Accepted Answer

Prosocial behavior is any action intended to help others. It is characterized by a concern for the rights, feelings, and welfare of other people. Behaviors that can be considered prosocial include helping, sharing, donating, co-operating, and volunteering. These actions are often done with no expectation of reward.

Question 10

Equity and equality are two types of ____.
A)reciprocities
B)rules of law
C)norms
D)kin selection

Accepted Answer

Equity and equality are considered types of norms, which are standards or principles that guide behavior within societies. Norms dictate what is considered acceptable or unacceptable behavior within a group or society. Equity refers to fairness and justice in the way people are treated, while equality refers to ensuring everyone has the same opportunities or resources, highlighting the importance of these concepts in social interactions and societal structures.

Question 11

Suppose that two preteen girls take turns brushing each other's hair. These girls are demonstrating ____.
A)altruistic codes
B)diffusion of responsibility
C)reciprocity norms
D)the rule of law

Accepted Answer

Reciprocity norms refer to the expectation that people will respond to each other in kind, returning benefits for benefits. In this scenario, the act of taking turns brushing each other's hair exemplifies this mutual exchange of benefits, fitting the definition of reciprocity norms.

Question 12

Standards that are established by society regarding what types of behavior are typical or expected are known as ____. ​
A)rules of law
B)norms ​
C)equities ​
D)normatives ​

Accepted Answer

Norms are the standards established by society to dictate what types of behavior are typical or expected.

Question 13

Phil Kunz, a sociology professor, once performed a study in which he sent 578 Christmas cards to a sample of complete strangers living in Chicago, Illinois. He received a total of 117 cards in return as well as several phone calls-despite the fact that he did not know any of these people. Kunz's findings provide good evidence of ____.
A)reciprocity
B)the rule of law
C)audience inhibition
D)cooperation

Accepted Answer

Phil Kunz's study demonstrates reciprocity, which is the social norm of responding to a positive action with another positive action, in this case, receiving Christmas cards from a stranger and responding by sending one back or making a phone call.

Question 14

Alicia and her friends are singing karaoke. Alicia is an extremely talented singer-much better than her friends. She feels awkward about being so good, however, so she sings badly on purpose, because she does not want her friends to be envious of her singing talent. Social psychologists would say that Alicia is experiencing ____.
A)sensitivity about being the target of a threatening downward comparison
B)sensitivity about being the target of a threatening upward comparison
C)the commons dilemma
D)audience inhibition

Accepted Answer

Alicia is experiencing sensitivity about being the target of a threatening upward comparison. This means she is aware that her superior singing skills might make her friends feel inferior or envious, so she deliberately performs below her ability to avoid making them feel bad.

Question 15

Phil Kunz,a sociology professor, once performed a study in which he sent 578 Christmas cards to a sample of complete strangers living in Chicago, Illinois. What happened?
A)Almost none of them sent him a card in return, since they didn't know who he was. However, a small but significant minority ( 8%)were apparently very upset with the researcher.
B)The vast majority of them ( 95%)actually sent him a card in return or telephoned him to try to find out who he was.
C)A significant minority of them ( 20%)actually acted as though they knew who he was and sent him a card in return.
D)Essentially, nothing-although he did receive a handful of cards (three or four)from people who probably mistakenly thought they knew who he was.

Accepted Answer

A significant minority of the recipients, about 20%, sent him a card in return, demonstrating the social norm of reciprocation even among strangers.

Question 16

A positive emotion that results from the perception that one has benefited from the costly, intentional, voluntary action of another is known as ____.
A)gratitude
B)joy
C)well-being
D)reciprocity

Accepted Answer

Gratitude is the emotion that fits the description given. It arises when one recognizes they have received a benefit due to someone else's intentional and costly effort.

Question 17

Research indicates that reciprocity norms are found in ____ human cultures. ​
A)all
B)most ​
C)many agrarian ​
D)some but not all ​

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that reciprocity norms, which are the expectations that people will respond favorably to each other by returning benefits for benefits, are found in all human cultures. This universality suggests that the principle of reciprocity is a fundamental aspect of human social life.

Question 18

The concept of "pay it forward"-passing benefits on to third parties instead of returning benefits to one's benefactors-can promote pro social behavior. Social scientists refer to this concept as ____.
A)diffuse benefits
B)upstream reciprocity
C)future altruism
D)resource multiplication

Accepted Answer

The concept of "pay it forward" is referred to as upstream reciprocity in social science. This term describes the process of passing benefits or good deeds onto others instead of back to the original benefactor, thereby promoting a chain of pro-social behavior.

Question 19

Even though there are certain codes of behavior (both legal and moral)that people are supposed to follow during wartime, it is often the case that these codes are horrifically ignored or broken (e.g., there are lootings, mass rapes, killings of babies and children). In other words, it seems as though once certain rules and laws are broken, ____ can become completely unraveled very easily.
A)a belief in a just world
B)kin selection
C)reciprocity
D)the rule of law

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is D) the rule of law. This is because the context discusses the breaking of legal and moral codes during wartime, leading to chaos and lawlessness, which directly relates to the breakdown of the rule of law.

Question 20

The management at Nargis's company tends to be fair. They treat people with respect, they do not make unrealistic demands on their employees, and they reward people appropriately. As a result, Nargis and her coworkers tend to be good "____"; they help one another out and speak respectfully of their jobs.
A)worker bees
B)company citizens
C)serfs
D)management pawns

Accepted Answer

The term "company citizens" best fits the context as it implies employees who contribute positively to the company culture, mirroring the respectful and fair treatment they receive from management.

Quiz 9: Prosocial Behavior: Doing Whats Best for Others

Research indicates that in societies where there is an intact rule of law, people are ____. ​

According to research, when will a company's employees be MOST likely to help one another out and speak well of their jobs?

The term sensitivity about being the target of a threatening upward compariso n refers to ____.

Tom decides to give his three children an allowance in exchange for doing chores around the house. He gives them $12 each week regardless of how many chores they do. This scenario illustrates ____.

The opposite of prosocial behavior is ____.

A society in which people respect and follow the rules is said to have an effective ____. ​

When Molly was ill, her neighbor Sarah looked after her. A few months later, when Sarah falls sick,Molly returns the favor by taking care of her.This scenario illustrates ____.

What is a good example of prosocial behavior?

Prosocial behavior is defined as ____.

Equity and equality are two types of ____.

Suppose that two preteen girls take turns brushing each other's hair. These girls are demonstrating ____.

Standards that are established by society regarding what types of behavior are typical or expected are known as ____. ​

Phil Kunz,a sociology professor, once performed a study in which he sent 578 Christmas cards to a sample of complete strangers living in Chicago, Illinois. What happened?

A positive emotion that results from the perception that one has benefited from the costly, intentional, voluntary action of another is known as ____.

Research indicates that reciprocity norms are found in ____ human cultures. ​

The concept of "pay it forward"-passing benefits on to third parties instead of returning benefits to one's benefactors-can promote pro social behavior. Social scientists refer to this concept as ____.

Research indicates that in societies where there is an intact rule of law, people are ____.

A society in which people respect and follow the rules is said to have an effective ____.

Standards that are established by society regarding what types of behavior are typical or expected are known as ____.

Research indicates that reciprocity norms are found in ____ human cultures.