Question 1

According to the _________ principle, if Joan likes to watch television and hates to study, then studying can serve as a(n) _________ for watching television.

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Question 2

Distinguish between time-out and response cost procedures.

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Question 3

According to Stampfl, what is a critical factor in the development and maintenance of phobic behavior?

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Question 4

If you punish a dog for making a mess on the carpet, the dog might learn to avoid _________ rather than avoid making a mess on the carpet.

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Question 5

Distinguish between escape behavior and avoidance behavior.

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Question 6

Mowrer's two-process theory seems highly applicable to obsessive-compulsive disorder in that the occurrence of an obsessive thought is associated with a(n) _________ in anxiety, while performance of a compulsive behavior is associated with a(n) _________ in anxiety.

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The answer of Mowrer's two-process theory seems highly applicable to...

Question 7

Making a child sit in a corner for being too noisy is an example of a(n) _________ procedure; while turning off the television set for being too noisy is an example of a(n) _________ procedure.

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Question 8

Losing your wallet by being careless is an example of a(n) _________ punisher, while getting a shock by being careless is an example of a(n) _________ punisher (assuming in each case that the behavior of carelessness subsequently _________ in frequency).

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Question 9

An important factor in maintaining a phobia is that the avoidance response occurs early in the sequence of events leading up to the phobic stimulus, thereby minimizing the _________ involved in avoiding the stimulus.

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Question 10

Outline two criticisms of Mowrer's two-process theory of avoidance.

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Question 11

According to the _________ theory of avoidance, the act of avoidance is negatively reinforced simply by the lower rate of aversive stimulation with which it is associated.

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Question 12

How can two-process theory account for obsessive-compulsive disorder?

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Question 13

Describe the evolution of avoidance behavior in a typical shuttle avoidance procedure.

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Question 14

One problem with punishing a child for being disruptive is that it will likely have a(n) _________ effect in suppressing the behavior, which then serves as a strong _________ reinforcer for the use of punishment.

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Question 15

According to Mineka, there are limitations in the extent to which experimental demonstrations of avoidance are analogous to human phobias. For example, in an experimental demonstration of avoidance that involves a tone and an aversive air blast, the rat will likely require _________ conditioning trial. By comparison, a bee phobia in humans typically requires _________ conditioning trial.

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Question 16

What is the anxiety conservation hypothesis? Outline Levis' answer to the problem of the "nonchalant" rat.

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Question 17

One difference between OCD and a phobia is that _________ generally involves a passive avoidance response, while _________ generally involves an active avoidance response.

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Question 18

In what ways is experimental avoidance conditioning different from human phobic conditioning?

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Question 19

Describe Mowrer's two-process theory of avoidance.

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Question 20

If a father punishes his son for being aggressive with his playmates, the son may learn to not be aggressive only when the father is _________.

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Quiz 9: Escape Avoidance and Punishment

According to the _ principle, if Joan likes to watch television and hates to study, then studying can serve as a(n) _ for watching television.