Question 1

A rule is defined as a:
A) verbal description of a consequence.
B) verbal description of a contingency.
C) form of reinforcement.
D) type of implementation intention.

Accepted Answer

A rule is defined as a verbal description of a contingency, which means it describes the relationship between actions and outcomes or conditions under which certain behaviors will lead to certain consequences.

Question 2

Charlie, a chimp, watches as his fellow chimp, Lulu, opens a door and pulls a rope to obtain some food. A few minutes later, Charlie duplicates the feat. Charlie's behavior could be a consequence of:
A) stimulus enhancement or true imitation.
B) stimulus generalization or discrimination.
C) Both a and b are correct.
D) Neither a nor b is correct.

Accepted Answer

Charlie's behavior is an example of learning through observation, which can be categorized as either stimulus enhancement (attention is drawn to a particular object or location by the actions of another) or true imitation (copying the specific actions observed).

Question 3

Which of the following trends has been observed in people who were exposed to media violence in childhood?
A) Only males show evidence that they have been affected.
B) Only females show evidence that they have been affected.
C) Males become more violent, but females tolerate more violence.
D) Females become more violent, but males tolerate more violence.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that exposure to media violence can have different impacts based on gender; typically, males may exhibit increased aggression, while females might develop a higher tolerance for violence.

Question 4

Desensitization to violence may lead females to _____ violence.
A) endorse
B) become victims of
C) commit
D) avoid

Accepted Answer

The answer of Desensitization to violence may lead females to...

Question 5

The correlations between exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior are similar in strength to the correlations between:
A) alcohol consumption and intoxication.
B) smoking and lung cancer.
C) genetic predisposition and Huntington's disease.
D) height and IQ.

Accepted Answer

The correlations between exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior are not as strong as the correlations between alcohol consumption and intoxication or genetic predisposition and Huntington's disease, which are both very high. They are stronger than the correlation between height and IQ, which is generally weak. The correlation between smoking and lung cancer is a more accurate comparison in terms of strength, indicating a significant but not absolute relationship.

Question 6

Some researchers have argued that teaching is _____ and that the evidence about animal teaching is _____.
A) common among most species of animals; well-documented
B) uniquely human; often anecdotal and subject to anthropomorphism
C) uniquely human; impossible to document
D) common among all primates; available only from laboratory studies

Accepted Answer

Teaching is considered a complex behavior that some argue is uniquely human, with evidence of animal teaching often being anecdotal and subject to anthropomorphism, meaning it's interpreted based on human traits and emotions, which may not accurately reflect the animals' behaviors or intentions.

Question 7

In the Bobo doll studies, it was observed that children were _____ likely to replicate the behavior of a model if they had observed the model's aggressive behavior being punished. On the other hand, if the children were offered incentives to behave aggressively after witnessing the punishment, then _____.
A) less; the level of aggression displayed by the children went up
B) less; the level of aggression displayed by the children remained low
C) more; the level of aggression displayed by the children remained high
D) more; the level of aggression displayed by the children actually dropped

Accepted Answer

The Bobo doll studies by Albert Bandura demonstrated that children were less likely to imitate aggressive behavior if they saw the model being punished for such behavior. However, if offered incentives, their aggression levels increased, showing that reinforcement can override the effects of observed punishment.

Question 8

Which of the following is a conclusion drawn from Bandura's Bobo doll studies?
A) Children who observe an aggressive model are more likely to be generally aggressive.
B) Children who observe an aggressive model tend to replicate the actual behaviors of the model.
C) Children are influenced by the consequences that a model experiences while behaving aggressively.
D) All of these are correct.

Accepted Answer

All of these conclusions can be drawn from Bandura's Bobo doll studies. These studies demonstrated that children are more likely to exhibit aggressive behaviors if they observe an aggressive model, tend to replicate the specific aggressive actions they see, and are influenced by the consequences the model faces for their aggressive behavior.

Question 9

Which of the following statements describes the influence of sex differences on the effects of media violence?
A) Most of the victims of violence in media are male, therefore females do not attend to them.
B) Most of the perpetrators of violence in media are male, therefore females are less likely to perform violent behaviors.
C) Females are more likely to be victims, rather than perpetrators, in media violence, which may increase the likelihood that females will be victims, rather than perpetrators, of violent acts.
D) Both b and c are correct.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that most perpetrators of violence in media are male, which could influence females to be less likely to imitate such violent behaviors. Additionally, females are often portrayed as victims rather than perpetrators in media violence, which could potentially influence real-world perceptions and behaviors, making females more likely to be victims rather than perpetrators of violence.

Question 10

Noticing is to _____ as duplication is to _____.
A) stimulus enhancement; true imitation
B) vicarious enhancement; true imitation
C) vicarious imitation; true imitation
D) vicarious enhancement; vicarious imitation

Accepted Answer

Noticing is related to stimulus enhancement where an individual's attention is drawn to a particular object or location by the actions of another, without directly copying the behavior. Duplication, on the other hand, relates to true imitation, where an individual observes and then exactly replicates the actions of another.

Question 11

Romanes (1884), Morgan (1900), and Thorndike (1911) debated whether animals are capable of _____.
A) observational learning
B) vicarious conditioning
C) true imitation
D) making communicative gestures

Accepted Answer

Romanes, Morgan, and Thorndike debated whether animals are capable of true imitation, discussing the extent to which animals can learn behaviors by observing and replicating the actions of others without direct reinforcement or instruction.

Question 12

In the Bobo doll studies, it was observed that children were _____ likely to replicate the behavior of models if they had observed models' aggressive behavior being _____.
A) more; reinforced
B) more; punished
C) less; reinforced
D) Both a and c are correct.

Accepted Answer

Children were more likely to replicate the behavior of models if they observed the models' aggressive behavior being reinforced, as this suggests that the behavior is rewarded or acceptable.

Question 13

Some behaviors in animals that appear to indicate imitation may instead be the result of _____.
A) imprinting
B) cognitive evaluation
C) response duplication
D) stimulus enhancement

Accepted Answer

Stimulus enhancement occurs when an animal's attention is drawn to a particular object or area by the actions of another, leading to similar behavior without true imitation.

Question 14

According to the study conducted by Johnson and his colleagues, there is _____ relationship between aggression and exposure to violent media and the effect of violent media on later aggressive behavior is _____.
A) a bidirectional; weak
B) a bidirectional; robust
C) no; sensationalized
D) a correlational; unidirectional and causal

Accepted Answer

The study by Johnson and his colleagues found a bidirectional relationship between aggression and exposure to violent media, meaning that not only can violent media increase aggression, but individuals who are more aggressive may seek out violent media. Furthermore, the effect of violent media on later aggressive behavior is described as robust, indicating a strong and consistent effect.

Question 15

It is difficult to assess evidence of both true imitation and teaching among non-human animals because:
A) it is difficult to determine whether a behavior was modeled or performed with intent.
B) other species have behaviors that are so dramatically different from humans that we cannot compare them.
C) much of the existing evidence is anecdotal and subject to anthropomorphism.
D) Both a and c are correct.

Accepted Answer

The difficulty in assessing evidence of true imitation and teaching among non-human animals lies in determining the intent behind a behavior and the reliance on anecdotal evidence, which may lead to anthropomorphism.

Question 16

In Bandura's Bobo doll studies, children observed:
A) adults being attacked by clowns.
B) adults interacting with toys.
C) other children behaving violently toward one another.
D) other children fighting over toys.

Accepted Answer

In Bandura's Bobo doll studies, children observed adults interacting with toys, specifically an adult behaving aggressively towards a Bobo doll, which demonstrated the social learning theory.

Question 17

Which of the following is a valid way by which sex differences influence the effects of media violence?
A) Females are not vulnerable to effects of media violence, but males are.
B) Males are more aggressive than females after exposure to violent media.
C) Females will imitate opposite-sex models but not same-sex models.
D) Males are more likely to inhibit violent behavior if a model's violence was punished.

Accepted Answer

Research indicates that males tend to exhibit more aggressive behavior than females after exposure to violent media, possibly due to socialization and biological factors.

Question 18

Many apparent examples of true imitation in animals are actually examples of _____.
A) reference
B) rule-governed behavior
C) productivity
D) stimulus enhancement

Accepted Answer

Many instances that seem like true imitation in animals are actually cases of stimulus enhancement. This is where an animal's interest in an object or location is increased by observing another animal interacting with it, rather than the observer learning to imitate the specific actions of the demonstrator.

Question 19

Duplicating is to true imitation as _____ is to _____.
A) stimulus enhancement; vicarious enhancement
B) noticing; stimulus enhancement
C) imitative enhancement; vicarious enhancement
D) stimulus enhancement; true imitation

Accepted Answer

The answer of Duplicating is to true imitation as _____...

Question 20

According to the study conducted by Eron and his colleagues, the amount of violent media viewed in childhood is:
A) weakly correlated with aggressive behavior but uncorrelated with criminal behavior.
B) significantly correlated with aggressive and antisocial behavior, including criminality.
C) unrelated to the levels of aggression in adulthood.
D) only related to variables such as social class and education.

Accepted Answer

Eron's research found a significant correlation between the amount of violent media consumed in childhood and aggressive and antisocial behavior, including criminality, later in life.

Quiz 11: Observational Learning and Rule Governed Behavior

A rule is defined as a:

Charlie, a chimp, watches as his fellow chimp, Lulu, opens a door and pulls a rope to obtain some food. A few minutes later, Charlie duplicates the feat. Charlie's behavior could be a consequence of:

Which of the following trends has been observed in people who were exposed to media violence in childhood?

Desensitization to violence may lead females to _____ violence.

The correlations between exposure to media violence and aggressive behavior are similar in strength to the correlations between:

Some researchers have argued that teaching is _ and that the evidence about animal teaching is _.

In the Bobo doll studies, it was observed that children were _ likely to replicate the behavior of a model if they had observed the model's aggressive behavior being punished. On the other hand, if the children were offered incentives to behave aggressively after witnessing the punishment, then _.

Which of the following is a conclusion drawn from Bandura's Bobo doll studies?

Which of the following statements describes the influence of sex differences on the effects of media violence?

Noticing is to _ as duplication is to _.

Romanes (1884) , Morgan (1900) , and Thorndike (1911) debated whether animals are capable of _____.

In the Bobo doll studies, it was observed that children were _ likely to replicate the behavior of models if they had observed models' aggressive behavior being _.

Some behaviors in animals that appear to indicate imitation may instead be the result of _____.

According to the study conducted by Johnson and his colleagues, there is _ relationship between aggression and exposure to violent media and the effect of violent media on later aggressive behavior is _.

It is difficult to assess evidence of both true imitation and teaching among non-human animals because:

In Bandura's Bobo doll studies, children observed:

Which of the following is a valid way by which sex differences influence the effects of media violence?

Many apparent examples of true imitation in animals are actually examples of _____.

Duplicating is to true imitation as _ is to _.

According to the study conducted by Eron and his colleagues, the amount of violent media viewed in childhood is: