Question 1

June is 3 years old and very exuberant. Her mother encourages her and accepts her lively personality. According to Carl Rogers's humanistic theory of personality, what is the most likely result of this upbringing?

Accepted Answer

The answer of June is 3 years old and very...

Question 2

Rosa is 3 years old and very exuberant. Her mother has little patience with her and is most accepting of her when she plays very quietly by herself. According to Carl Rogers's humanistic theory of personality, what is the most likely result of this upbringing?

Accepted Answer

According to Carl Rogers's humanistic theory, if a child receives conditional positive regard, they may develop self-discrepancies, as they learn to align their behavior with what is acceptable to others rather than their true self.

Question 3

The humanists are most interested in the ____.

Accepted Answer

Humanists, such as Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow, are most interested in the process by which personality develops, including factors such as self-actualization, self-concept, and personal growth. They believe that an individual's unique experiences and perceptions shape their personality, and focus on promoting self-awareness, self-esteem, and personal responsibility.

Question 4

Which of the following describes a humanistic approach, as opposed to a behaviorist or Freudian approach, to the study of psychology?

Accepted Answer

Humanists believed in the potential for growth and positive change in humans, rather than focusing solely on abnormal behaviors or negative aspects of human nature. Therefore, they advocated studying exceptional individuals to understand qualities and behaviors that promote success and fulfillment.

Question 5

All but which of the following are considered neo-Freudian personality theorists?

Accepted Answer

Heinz Kohut is not considered a neo-Freudian; he is known for developing self psychology, which is a distinct approach.

Question 6

What is a trait?

Accepted Answer

A trait is considered a stable personality characteristic that influences an individual's behavior across different situations and over time.

Question 7

Which criticism, which has been leveled against the psychodynamic theories, has also been targeted at humanistic theories of personality development?

Accepted Answer

Both psychodynamic and humanistic theories have been criticized for being unscientific due to their reliance on subjective methods and lack of empirical evidence.

Question 8

To remember the Big Five traits, use the acronym ____.

Accepted Answer

The Big Five traits are commonly remembered using the acronym "OCEAN" which stands for Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism.

Question 9

Clarence's boss is very rude to Clarence and most of the staff. He tends to be cynical, uncooperative, and critical of his employees. This boss is particularly low on which of the following Big Five traits?

Accepted Answer

Agreeableness refers to being cooperative, compassionate, and friendly. Clarence's boss's behavior indicates a lack of these traits, suggesting low agreeableness.

Question 10

Karen Horney rejected many of Freud's ideas to concentrate on aspects of the culture that contributed to ____.

Accepted Answer

Karen Horney believed that women's feelings of inferiority were a result of cultural factors such as societal expectations and gender roles, rather than simply unresolved childhood conflicts as Freud suggested. She believed that women were conditioned to value their worth based on their relationships and ability to attract and maintain a partner, rather than their own achievements and individuality.

Question 11

Which of the following is true about Abraham Maslow?

Accepted Answer

Abraham Maslow is best known for his work on human motivation and the development of his hierarchy of needs theory, which suggests that human beings have basic needs that must be met before they can move on to higher levels of fulfillment. He conducted most of his research through case studies and observations of humans rather than on animals. There is no evidence to suggest that he observed exceptional people lacking a sense of humor but having many friends.

Question 12

Leanne's friends love her 60-year-old mother, Liz, who is very warm and friendly. In fact, Liz encourages Leanne to bring over her friends for cocktail parties or cookouts every weekend that she is free (i.e., when she's not involved with a book club, painting class, or yoga retreat). Although Leanne appreciates her mother's hospitality, she frequently declines these invitations because of the complications surrounding her closest friend, Alicia. Alicia would be hurt not to be included, but might dampen the party with her anxiety, anger, hostility, and tendency towards depression. Leanne never knows what she will do or say next. The Big Five trait that best describes this aspect of Alicia's personality is ____.

Accepted Answer

Neuroticism is a Big Five personality trait characterized by anxiety, anger, hostility, and depression, which aligns with Alicia's described behavior.

Question 13

Paulo is particularly fascinated by the field of humanistic psychology and wants to conduct his doctoral dissertation in the contemporary offshoot of that area of thought. Which would be an appropriate title for Paulo's dissertation?

Accepted Answer

Positive psychology is a contemporary offshoot of humanistic psychology, focusing on strengths and well-being.

Question 14

The Big Five theory is a trait theory that identifies five main characteristics that account for the ____.

Accepted Answer

The Big Five theory focuses on identifying five main characteristics that account for the majority of individual differences in personality, including openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. It does not address societal distinctions, mental health problems or general ability to function and succeed.

Question 15

Leanne's friends love her 60-year-old mother, Liz, who is very warm and friendly. In fact, Liz encourages Leanne to bring over her friends for cocktail parties or cookouts every weekend that she is free (i.e., when she's not involved with a book club, painting class, or yoga retreat). The Big Five trait that best describes this aspect of Liz's personality is ____.

Accepted Answer

Liz's warm and friendly nature, along with her enjoyment of social gatherings, is indicative of extroversion, which is characterized by sociability and enthusiasm for interacting with others.

Question 16

One of the earliest attempts to categorize personality traits came from Allport & Odbert (1936), who identified 4,500 terms in the dictionary that related to personality. Later, statistical methods were used to reduce these words to a list of ___ personality traits.

Accepted Answer

Raymond Cattell used factor analysis to reduce Allport and Odbert's list to 16 personality traits, which he believed could describe human personality.

Question 17

Which statistical method was used to analyze the clustering of personality traits?

Accepted Answer

Factor analysis is a statistical method used to identify clusters or groups of related variables, such as personality traits, by examining the correlations among them.

Question 18

Daryl is a painter and poet. His work often portrays fantasy images that evoke strong emotion. He loves to travel, particularly in Asia, to view the art at sacred sites and learn about local culture. The Big Five trait that best describes this aspect of Daryl's personality is ____.

Accepted Answer

Daryl's love for fantasy images and exploration of different cultures suggests a high level of openness, which is characterized by imagination, creativity, and an eagerness to gain new experiences. The other traits (agreeableness, conscientiousness, and extroversion) are not as strongly represented in this description.

Question 19

Each of the Big Five traits consists of a _____.

Accepted Answer

Each of the Big Five traits (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism) is a continuum from one extreme to the other, meaning individuals can fall anywhere along the spectrum for each trait.

Question 20

Leanne's friends love her 60-year-old mother, Liz, who is very warm and friendly. In fact, Liz encourages Leanne to bring over her friends for cocktail parties or cookouts every weekend that she is free (i.e., when she's not involved with a book club, painting class, or yoga retreat). Leanne's father dreads it when her mother invites Leanne's friends over. He is reserved, uncomfortable with people he does not know well, and prefers quiet evenings of reading. The Big Five trait that best describes this aspect of his personality is ____.

Accepted Answer

Introversion is characterized by a preference for solitary activities and a reserved nature, which aligns with Leanne's father's discomfort with social gatherings and preference for quiet evenings.

Quiz 12: The Individual Mind: Personality and the Self