Question 1

Approximately an hour after falling asleep, Daisy's roommate repeatedly shakes her shoulder and asks Daisy to move her car out of the driveway. Daisy takes several minutes to respond to her roommate and then opens the refrigerator to find her car keys. Daisy was most likely in

Accepted Answer

Daisy was most likely in stage 3 or 4 N-REM sleep, also known as deep sleep. This stage of sleep is characterized by slow brain waves and is the most difficult stage from which to be awakened. People awakened from this stage are often disoriented or confused, as illustrated by Daisy's behavior of looking for her car keys in the refrigerator.

Question 2

Patti finds her husband Derek asleep in his recliner. She gently touches his shoulder and says, "Derek, wake-up; the dog needs to go out." Derek abruptly responds, "Patti, I am awake!" What type of brain waveforms did Derek display right before being awakened?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Patti finds her husband Derek asleep in...

Question 3

Mina is seeing a therapist for depression. After several sessions, Mina's therapist recommends that she undergo light therapy and take antidepressant medication. Mina likely suffers from which disorder?

Accepted Answer

The therapist's recommendation of light therapy and antidepressant medication suggests that Mina may have major depressive disorder with seasonal pattern, also known as seasonal affective disorder. This disorder is characterized by depressive symptoms that occur during a particular season, commonly in the fall/winter months. Light therapy, which involves exposure to bright, artificial light, is a common treatment for this type of depression. Antidepressant medication may also be prescribed to alleviate symptoms. Neurasthenia and somatization disorder are not recognized as distinct disorders in the current edition of the DSM-5. Bipolar disorder involves periods of both depression and manic episodes, which are not mentioned in the scenario provided.

Question 4

Why is it inaccurate to say that daydreaming is a "total waste of time"?

Accepted Answer

Daydreaming activates the Default Mode Network (DMN) in the brain, which is involved in thinking about past experiences, imagining future scenarios, and considering the perspectives of others. This mental activity can be beneficial for planning, creativity, and problem-solving.

Question 5

Approximately an hour after falling asleep, Daisy's roommate repeatedly shakes her shoulder and asks Daisy to move her car out of the driveway. Daisy takes several minutes to respond to her roommate and then opens the refrigerator to find her keys. What type of brain waveforms did Daisy display right before being awakened?

Accepted Answer

Delta waves are characteristic of deep sleep (stage 3 of non-REM sleep), which typically occurs about an hour after falling asleep. Daisy's disoriented behavior upon waking also suggests she was in deep sleep.

Question 6

Azul studies for her upcoming molecular biology midterm. She starts by making an outline of her textbook chapters and then begins studying her lecture notes. Azul's brain is likely to show _____ wave activity.

Accepted Answer

Beta wave activity is associated with focused and attentive concentration, which is likely what Azul is experiencing while studying for her midterm. Alpha wave activity is more common during relaxation, delta wave activity is associated with deep sleep, and theta wave activity is associated with drowsiness or daydreaming.

Question 7

Gamma waves accompany the processing of sensory input, particularly

Accepted Answer

Gamma waves have been shown to accompany the processing of visual stimuli. Studies have observed increased gamma activity in the visual areas of the brain in response to visual stimuli, such as the presentation of patterns or objects. While gamma waves may also be involved in the processing of other sensory inputs, such as auditory stimuli, the strongest evidence supports their role in visual processing.

Question 8

What is the evidence to suggest that abrupt changes to one's daily schedule are detrimental to human behavior?

Accepted Answer

Switching to daylight savings time disrupts people's sleep patterns, which can lead to increased fatigue. This fatigue, in turn, can result in a higher likelihood of automobile accidents as drivers are less alert.

Question 9

After a grueling day of classes, Edith returns to her apartment and plops down in a comfortable recliner; she closes her eyes and immediately begins to relax. Edith's brain is likely to show an increase in _____ wave activity.

Accepted Answer

Alpha waves are associated with relaxed, wakeful states and are usually observed when a person is sitting quietly with their eyes closed. Therefore, it is likely that Edith's brain would show an increase in alpha wave activity while she is sitting in the comfortable chair relaxing.

Question 10

Patti finds her husband Derek asleep in his recliner. She gently touches his shoulder and says, "Derek, wake-up; the dog needs to go out." Derek abruptly responds, "Patti, I am awake!" Derek was most likely in

Accepted Answer

Derek was most likely in stage 1 N-REM sleep, which is a light sleep stage from which people can be easily awakened. His abrupt response and the fact that he claimed to be awake suggest he was in this initial stage of sleep, where individuals might not even realize they've been asleep.

Question 11

Artificial lighting affects sleep by breaking down

Accepted Answer

Artificial lighting suppresses the production of melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate sleep-wake cycles.

Question 12

A shift in one's circadian rhythm during adolescence, which leads to peak alertness at night, is thought to correlate with

Accepted Answer

The answer of A shift in one's circadian rhythm during...

Question 13

Recent research focusing on morning people (larks) and night people (owls) suggests that

Accepted Answer

Recent research has suggested that being a lark or an owl may be due to genetic influence. Studies have found specific genetic variations associated with being a morning or evening type, indicating that there may be a genetic basis for our sleep preferences.

Question 14

Duke is exhausted and plops down on the couch. Fifteen minutes after falling asleep, Duke is not awakened by the refrigerator cycling on. He is, however, awakened by his roommate opening the refrigerator door. What type of brain waveforms did Duke display right before being awakened?

Accepted Answer

Theta waves with sleep spindles and K-complexes are characteristic of stage 2 non-REM sleep, which is a lighter stage of sleep than the deep, slow-wave sleep characterized by delta waves. Duke was likely in stage 2 sleep right before being awakened by his roommate opening the refrigerator door.

Question 15

Varying states of awareness are best monitored using _____, which provides an overall measure of brain activity.

Accepted Answer

EEG (electroencephalogram) is the best way to monitor varying states of awareness as it measures the electrical activity in the brain and can provide an overall measure of brain activity. CAT scans, MRI, and PET scans all provide information about brain structure and function but do not directly measure brain activity.

Question 16

Tao wakes up his roommate Don so that he doesn't miss his morning classes again. Don tells Tao, "I wish you hadn't woken me up, I was about to land on Mars after winning a fierce battle against flying jellyfish." What type of brain waveforms did Don display right before being awakened?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Tao wakes up his roommate Don so...

Question 17

Tao wakes up his roommate Don so that he doesn't miss his morning classes again. Don tells Tao, "I wish you hadn't woken me up, I was about to land on Mars after winning a fierce battle against flying jellyfish." Don was most likely in

Accepted Answer

Don was most likely in REM sleep, as this sleep stage is characterized by vivid dreams. The description of landing on Mars and battling flying jellyfish suggests an active dream, which is typical for REM sleep.

Question 18

Our physiological state during REM sleep consists of

Accepted Answer

During REM sleep, our physiological state includes a rapid or irregular heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing, along with the paralysis of major postural muscles, preventing us from acting out our dreams.

Question 19

While eating her morning bowl of cereal, Kalinda daydreams about what she would do if she won the upcoming lottery drawing. Which cortical areas of Kalinda's brain are likely to be activated?

Accepted Answer

The Default Mode Network (DMN) is likely to be activated during daydreaming, as it is associated with internally directed thought processes, such as dreaming, envisioning the future, and reflecting on oneself.

Question 20

Duke is exhausted and plops down on the couch. Fifteen minutes after falling asleep, Duke is not awakened by the refrigerator cycling on. He is, however, awakened by his roommate opening the refrigerator door. Duke is most likely in

Accepted Answer

The answer of Duke is exhausted and plops down on...

Quiz 6: The Aware Mind Elements of Consciousness