Question 1

Jeron is 6 years old. His parents have always yelled at him when angry, but they have never hit him. They do, however, yell at and slap each other. Based on Albert Bandura's and other studies, what is Jeron likely to learn?

Accepted Answer

Albert Bandura's social learning theory suggests that children learn behaviors through observing and imitating others, especially adults or role models. In this case, Jeron is likely to learn to behave aggressively by observing his parents' aggressive behaviors, such as yelling and slapping each other.

Question 2

Helping behavior that either fails to reward or harms the person who performs it is called

Accepted Answer

Altruism is helping behavior that is motivated purely by the desire to benefit others, without any expectation of personal reward or benefit. This includes situations where the action may even be detrimental to the person performing it.

Question 3

Discuss the factors associated with using a positive or negative emotional appeal to influence people using the peripheral route to persuasion.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the factors associated with using a...

Question 4

The study of bystander intervention is the study of situational variables related to helping a stranger, most notably the

Accepted Answer

The bystander effect, which is the phenomenon that individuals are less likely to offer help in an emergency situation when other people are present, is an extensively studied topic in social psychology. Research has consistently shown that the likelihood of helping decreases as the number of bystanders increases. This effect is thought to occur due to diffusion of responsibility, where individuals feel less responsibility to help when others are present because they assume somebody else will take action.

Question 5

In research using surveillance camera footage of public places, researchers observed actual fighting behavior and found that third parties

Accepted Answer

The research found that as the number of bystanders grew larger, the likelihood of intervention decreased, indicating that third parties were less likely to intervene as the number of bystanders increased.

Question 6

Aggression is the

Accepted Answer

Aggression involves a conscious intent to harm another, distinguishing it from accidental harm.

Question 7

Why might being a cooperator provide a survival advantage?

Accepted Answer

Having a reputation for cooperating can motivate others to cooperate with that person. When others perceive an individual as a reliable cooperator, they may be more willing to interact and collaborate with that person, leading to increased opportunities for resource sharing or assistance. This can provide a survival advantage in situations where cooperation is necessary for survival, such as in communal living or during times of resource scarcity.

Question 8

Alexis is generally a reasonable person-unless she becomes very drunk. Then, she is quick to grow angry with her husband, accuses him unfairly of infidelity, and has on occasion tried to hit him. What role does alcohol play in these instances?

Accepted Answer

Alcohol has disinhibiting effects on behavior and can lead to a loss of self-control and impulsivity. This can result in behavior that is out of character for the individual, such as anger and aggression towards others.

Question 9

Human twin and adoption studies imply that aggressive tendencies in human beings are

Accepted Answer

Human twin and adoption studies have consistently shown that aggressive behavior has a heritable component, suggesting that genetics plays at least some role in the development of aggressive tendencies. However, this does not mean that all aggressive behavior is solely determined by genetics, as environmental factors also play a significant role in shaping behavior. Therefore, choice A, which acknowledges the role of genetics but also leaves room for environmental influences, is the best choice.

Question 10

Which of the following examples does NOT fit an evolutionary model to account for altruistic behavior?

Accepted Answer

Altruism explained by evolutionary models typically involves genetic benefits or reciprocal actions that enhance survival and reproductive success. Cultural transmission of altruism, as mentioned in option D, does not fit into an evolutionary model because it involves learning and social influences rather than genetic or biological factors.

Question 11

Capuchin monkeys refuse to exchange pebbles for a slice of cucumber after seeing another monkey receive a more highly valued grape for its pebble (Brosnan & De Waal, 2003). This suggests that nonhuman primates have a

Accepted Answer

The fact that capuchin monkeys refuse to exchange pebbles for a slice of cucumber after seeing another monkey receive a grape for its pebble suggests that they have a sense of fair play and perceive unequal outcomes as unfair. This has been demonstrated in several studies and highlights the evolution of social cognition and behavioral mechanisms in nonhuman primates.

Question 12

What was the researchers' finding in a study comparing brain activity in murderers who had experienced neglect and abuse to murderers who had not experienced neglect or abuse (Raine, Stoddard, Bihrle, & Buchsbaum, 1998)?

Accepted Answer

The researchers found that the brain activity of the neglected and abused murderers was quite similar to the nonviolent control participants. This suggests that early environmental factors, such as neglect and abuse, may have an impact on brain function and can contribute to violent behavior. The brain activity of the nonabused murderers was not specifically mentioned in the research findings.

Question 13

For which of the following groups do testosterone levels correlate with the violent nature of the crimes for which they were sentenced, as well as the dominance and violence they demonstrated while in prison?

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that testosterone levels can correlate with aggressive and dominant behavior in both male and female criminals. This hormone has been linked to the violent nature of crimes and the dominance and violence demonstrated by individuals while in prison, across both genders.

Question 14

Consider the prisoner's dilemma (Poundstone, 1992). In which of the following pairings would the participants likely cooperate the least?

Accepted Answer

The participants from different cultures and countries may have different norms and values that could affect their decisions to cooperate. The cultural differences between China and the United States are likely to be larger than those between two participants from the same country like the United Kingdom or Korea. Thus, participants from China and the United States are less likely to cooperate with each other.

Question 15

Children and youth are exposed to increasingly violent and graphic images and ideas through films, video games, and music lyrics. Some research results show correlations between media exposure and aggression, which indicates that

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is C because it acknowledges the possibility of a relationship between media exposure and aggression without definitively stating causation or directionality. The other options imply more direct causation or specific effects, which goes beyond what correlation alone can establish.

Question 16

Jocelyne is 8 years old and cannot control her temper. Her parents encourage her to vent her anger by punching a large stuffed bear. This approach will most likely

Accepted Answer

Encouraging a child to physically punch and release their anger on an object can make them associate aggression with a way to cope with their emotions, thereby heightening their feelings of aggression. This approach does not teach healthy ways of dealing with emotions or communication skills. It may even lead to violent behavior towards people or animals in the future.

Question 17

The percentage of the human population lost to war today has decreased since the time of the hunter-gatherers. One possible reason is that between-group violence has been reduced by

Accepted Answer

Increasing economic dependencies among nations may reduce the occurrence of between-group violence as countries become more interdependent and reliant on each other for trade and resources. This reduces the incentives for conflict and promotes cooperation. The other options, such as evolutionary genetic changes, lower testosterone levels among males, and changes in child-rearing practices and values, are less likely to be the primary reason for the decrease in war-related mortality rates over time.

Question 18

Cross-cultural data show that homicide rates are often high in cultures that

Accepted Answer

The answer of Cross-cultural data show that homicide rates are...

Question 19

In the tit-for-tat strategy, your first move is to

Accepted Answer

The tit-for-tat strategy involves starting with cooperation and then mimic what the other player did in the previous round. This means if the other player defects, you also defect in the next round. However, if you start with defection, the other player will retaliate with defection as well, resulting in a cycle of mutual defection that is not beneficial for either player. Therefore, starting with cooperation is the best choice in the tit-for-tat strategy.

Question 20

Mary and Paul made a great deal of money recently by winning the lottery. They come from families of little education or money. They moved to a beautiful new home in a neighborhood well known for the wealth and high social status of its residents. The neighbors have been unfriendly to them, ignore their attempts to make friends, and talk badly to each other about the new family in the neighborhood. This is an example of _____ aggression.

Accepted Answer

Relational aggression involves harming others through purposeful manipulation and damage to their social relationships or social status, which is what the neighbors are doing by being unfriendly and talking badly about Mary and Paul.

Quiz 13: The Connected Mind Social Psychology