Passage
ATP synthase, also known as Complex V, produces the majority of the ATP in eukaryotic cells. It is a transmembrane protein encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial genes in humans, and is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Complex V consists of over 20 subunits, including three sets of heterodimers arranged in a circle in the mitochondrial matrix. Each dimer contains an α subunit and a β subunit, and each β subunit exists in one of three conformations: one that binds ATP, one that binds ADP and inorganic phosphate, and one that binds neither.As protons flow from the intermembrane space through Complex V and into the matrix, they cause the transmembrane γ subunit to rotate and interact with each β subunit in turn. Four protons provide enough energy for rotation from one β subunit to the next, and each rotation causes a β subunit to release a new ATP molecule as it changes from the ATP-binding to the nonbinding conformation (Figure 1) . Thus 12 protons produce 3 ATP molecules each time the γ subunit makes a complete revolution. Every NADH molecule that enters the electron transport chain (ETC) pumps 10 protons into the intermembrane space for use by Complex V whereas only 6 protons are pumped per FADH₂ molecule.
Figure 1 Depictions of ATP synthase viewed from the side (left) and the bottom (right) Researchers visualized the rotation of the γ subunit by attaching it to a fluorescently labeled actin filament. The observed rotation over time is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2 Counterclockwise rotation of the γ subunit of ATP synthase (bottom view) over time in seconds as visualized by a fluorescent labelAn L156P mutation in subunit A of Complex V is linked to neuropathy, ataxia, and retinal degeneration. Although the exact molecular bases of these pathological states are unknown, the following hypotheses are currently under study:Hypothesis 1L156P Complex V functions normally but is less abundant than wild-type Complex V.Hypothesis 2The mutation partially decouples proton flow from ATP synthesis.Hypothesis 3The mutation leads to increased oxidative stress from the ETC, resulting in apoptosis.
Adapted from Kucharczyk R, Zick M, Bietenhader M, et al. Mitochondrial ATP synthase disorders: molecular mechanisms and the quest for curative therapeutic approaches. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1793(1) :186-99.
-All of the following could confirm apoptosis due to increased oxidative stress in cells with an L156P mutation in Complex V EXCEPT:

Question

Passage
ATP synthase, also known as Complex V, produces the majority of the ATP in eukaryotic cells. It is a transmembrane protein encoded by both nuclear and mitochondrial genes in humans, and is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane. Complex V consists of over 20 subunits, including three sets of heterodimers arranged in a circle in the mitochondrial matrix. Each dimer contains an α subunit and a β subunit, and each β subunit exists in one of three conformations: one that binds ATP, one that binds ADP and inorganic phosphate, and one that binds neither.As protons flow from the intermembrane space through Complex V and into the matrix, they cause the transmembrane γ subunit to rotate and interact with each β subunit in turn. Four protons provide enough energy for rotation from one β subunit to the next, and each rotation causes a β subunit to release a new ATP molecule as it changes from the ATP-binding to the nonbinding conformation (Figure 1) . Thus 12 protons produce 3 ATP molecules each time the γ subunit makes a complete revolution. Every NADH molecule that enters the electron transport chain (ETC) pumps 10 protons into the intermembrane space for use by Complex V whereas only 6 protons are pumped per FADH₂ molecule.

Figure 1 Depictions of ATP synthase viewed from the side (left) and the bottom (right) Researchers visualized the rotation of the γ subunit by attaching it to a fluorescently labeled actin filament. The observed rotation over time is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 Counterclockwise rotation of the γ subunit of ATP synthase (bottom view) over time in seconds as visualized by a fluorescent labelAn L156P mutation in subunit A of Complex V is linked to neuropathy, ataxia, and retinal degeneration. Although the exact molecular bases of these pathological states are unknown, the following hypotheses are currently under study:Hypothesis 1L156P Complex V functions normally but is less abundant than wild-type Complex V.Hypothesis 2The mutation partially decouples proton flow from ATP synthesis.Hypothesis 3The mutation leads to increased oxidative stress from the ETC, resulting in apoptosis.
Adapted from Kucharczyk R, Zick M, Bietenhader M, et al. Mitochondrial ATP synthase disorders: molecular mechanisms and the quest for curative therapeutic approaches. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2009;1793(1) :186-99.
-All of the following could confirm apoptosis due to increased oxidative stress in cells with an L156P mutation in Complex V EXCEPT:

Quizplus · Accepted Answer

11ecba2d_0e3c_4bf5_a3bf_37fccb0435b7_MD0008_00 Oxidative stress occurs when there is an overabundance of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells, which can cause damage when they react with cell membranes and other biological molecules. The ETC in the mitochondria produces ROS such as superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals when it fails to fully reduce oxygen to water. Normal levels of ROS (about 4% of oxygen consumed) are removed by enzymes such as peroxidase and superoxide dismutase. However, defects in Complex V and other ETC complexes can cause oxidative stress by increasing the mitochondrial concentrations of superoxide and other ROS beyond the ability of the cell to control (Choice D). Apoptosis is the controlled, programmed death of cells. It occurs in response to a variety of circumstances, including oxidative stress as well as DNA damage and certain developmental events. Apoptosis is initiated when the mitochondrial membrane is permeabilized in response to these environmental cues. This allows the release of cytochrome C from the mitochondria, resulting in increased cytosolic cytochrome C (Choice B). Cytochrome C induces proteolysis (Choice C) and other degradative pathways by activating caspase proteases (inactive caspase is found in healthy cells). Educational objective: Apoptosis (programmed cell death) can be caused by certain developmental events, DNA damage, and reactive oxygen species. It is induced when cytochrome C is allowed to leave the mitochondria and enter the cytosol, where it activates caspase. Caspase in turn activates several degradative pathways such as proteolysis.

Passage ATP Synthase, Also Known as Complex V, Produces the Majority