Question 1

Throughout much of 20th century America, what were the four principal professional areas of psychology?

Accepted Answer

The four principal professional areas of psychology throughout much of the 20th century in America were clinical psychology, industrial-organizational psychology, school psychology, and counseling psychology. These areas represent the primary fields where psychologists have applied their knowledge to address mental health issues, improve workplace environments and productivity, support educational development, and provide guidance and counseling.

Question 2

Which of the following would NOT typically be part of the definition of a profession?

Accepted Answer

Employment by an organization or corporation is not typically part of the definition of a profession. Professions are defined by standards of education, codes of ethics, and continuing education requirements, not by the nature of the employment arrangement.

Question 3

The work of American psychologists in World War I involved

Accepted Answer

During World War I, American psychologists were primarily involved in intelligence testing, job selection testing, and the assessment of shell shock victims, contributing to the military by evaluating and placing soldiers in appropriate roles and providing care for those affected by the war's psychological impacts.

Question 4

The condition known as shell shock in World War I is today called

Accepted Answer

The condition known as shell shock in World War I is today referred to as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), reflecting a broader understanding of the psychological impact of combat and traumatic events beyond the context of war.

Question 5

During World War I, Robert Woodworth was asked to develop a psychological test that would

Accepted Answer

Robert Woodworth was tasked with developing the "Woodworth Personal Data Sheet" to screen out potential shell shock victims, which was an early attempt to identify soldiers who might be susceptible to psychological breakdowns during combat.

Question 6

The first organization for applied psychologists in the United States was for psychologists who referred to their specialty as

Accepted Answer

The first organization for applied psychologists in the United States was the American Association of Clinical Psychologists, founded in 1917, focusing on clinical psychology.

Question 7

Professional licensure in psychology means that

Accepted Answer

Professional licensure in psychology defines and protects the scope of practice for psychologists, ensuring that only those who are licensed can provide certain psychological services. This helps maintain professional standards and protects the public by ensuring that practitioners have met predetermined qualifications.

Question 8

The main reason that applied psychologists formed organizations independent of the American Psychological Association (APA) was because

Accepted Answer

The main reason was that the APA saw itself primarily as a scientific organization and was not as welcoming to psychologists engaged in applied work, leading to the formation of separate organizations by applied psychologists.

Question 9

The principal activity that defined professional psychologists throughout the 20th century was

Accepted Answer

The principal activity that defined professional psychologists throughout the 20th century was mental testing. This includes the development and application of psychological tests to assess intelligence, personality, and a wide range of abilities, which became a cornerstone of psychological practice and research.

Question 10

The early role of clinical psychologists was to

Accepted Answer

The early role of clinical psychologists primarily involved administering and scoring psychological tests, rather than providing psychotherapy or making diagnoses, which became more common later in the field's development.

Question 11

In the early years of clinical psychology, the focus was on intelligence testing, but in the 1930s, that role was expanded with the addition of

Accepted Answer

In the 1930s, clinical psychology expanded its role beyond intelligence testing to include personality tests. This marked a significant broadening of the field's scope, allowing for a more comprehensive understanding of individuals' psychological profiles.

Question 12

The Rorschach Inkblot Test was designed in the context of Freudian theory, believing that individuals would reveal their unconscious motives in responding to the ambiguous inkblots. What defense mechanism was supposed to be in usewhen individuals took this test?

Accepted Answer

The Rorschach Inkblot Test is based on the defense mechanism of projection, where individuals project their unconscious feelings and thoughts onto the ambiguous inkblots, revealing hidden aspects of their personality.

Question 13

What significant change in the practice of clinical psychology was brought about by World War II?

Accepted Answer

World War II significantly increased the demand for mental health services, leading to clinical psychologists providing psychotherapy for the first time. This was a major shift from their previous focus on assessment and testing.

Question 14

A conference in Boulder, Colorado in the summer of 1949 resulted in an agreed- upon model for the professional training of clinical psychologists. This model is known as the

Accepted Answer

The conference in Boulder, Colorado in 1949 established the scientist-practitioner model for the training of clinical psychologists, emphasizing both research (scientist) and practice (practitioner) in their education.

Question 15

If a psychological problem seems to be the result of disordered or irrational thinking, what form of psychotherapy would likely be most effective?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) is most effective for problems stemming from disordered or irrational thinking, as it focuses on changing patterns of thinking and behavior.

Question 16

What approach to psychotherapy emphasized the potential for personal growth and encouraged self-exploration and self-determination?

Accepted Answer

Humanistic therapy emphasizes personal growth, self-exploration, and self-determination, focusing on the individual's potential and stressing the importance of growth and self-actualization.

Question 17

After World War II, the principal work for industrial psychologists was in

Accepted Answer

After World War II, the principal work for industrial psychologists shifted towards personnel selection, as industries and organizations were keen on efficiently selecting and placing workers to rebuild economies and enhance productivity.

Question 18

The Hawthorne studies of the late 1920s and early 1930s led industrial- organizational psychologists to focus on

Accepted Answer

The Hawthorne studies highlighted the importance of social factors and employee attitudes, leading to a greater focus on human relations in the workplace.

Question 19

Psychologists developed personality tests for use in industry in the 1930s for what purpose?

Accepted Answer

In the 1930s, personality tests were primarily used to screen out employees who might be troublemakers, focusing on identifying traits that could lead to problematic behavior in the workplace.

Question 20

Human factors psychologists do what kind of work?

Accepted Answer

Human factors psychologists focus on the interaction between people and the systems or equipment they use, aiming to improve safety, efficiency, and usability.

Quiz 9: The New Profession of Psychology