Question 1

The first two schools of the new science of psychology in America were named structuralism and functionalism. Those names were coined by

Accepted Answer

B

Question 2

The first North American psychology laboratory was founded in 1883. By 1900, approximately how many psychology laboratories were there in the United States and Canada?

Accepted Answer

By 1900, there were approximately 40 psychology laboratories in the United States and Canada, reflecting the rapid growth and establishment of psychology as a scientific discipline in North America.

Question 3

"Pure science" refers to research that is conducted

Accepted Answer

Pure science is research conducted for the sake of increasing knowledge rather than for practical applications, which is what distinguishes it from applied science.

Question 4

Many of the psychology laboratories founded in North America at the end of the 19th century were established by individuals who had trained with what two psychologists?

Accepted Answer

Wundt and Hall were pivotal figures in the establishment of psychology laboratories in North America. Wilhelm Wundt is often considered the father of experimental psychology, having established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. G. Stanley Hall was one of Wundt's students and played a significant role in the development of psychology in the United States, including founding the first psychology laboratory in the U.S. at Johns Hopkins University.

Question 5

Titchener defined the sum-total of mental processes occurring in the lifetime of an individual as ____________, whereas the sum total of mental processes occurring at any given time he called __________________.

Accepted Answer

Titchener defined the sum-total of mental processes occurring in the lifetime of an individual as "mind," whereas the sum total of mental processes occurring at any given time he called "consciousness."

Question 6

Which of the following was NOT a goal of Titchener's psychology?

Accepted Answer

Titchener's psychology, known as structuralism, aimed to identify the elements of consciousness, discover how these elements are grouped, and determine the causes of these groupings. It did not focus on discovering the purposes of the various elements, which is more aligned with functionalism.

Question 7

According to Titchener, the final task of a science of psychology was to make connections between the elements of consciousness and their

Accepted Answer

Titchener, a structuralist, believed that the goal of psychology was to analyze consciousness into its basic elements and understand how these elements are related. He emphasized the importance of understanding the underlying physiology of these elements, rather than their functions, adaptive consequences, or motives.

Question 8

According to Titchener, functionalism was not science but instead was

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Titchener, functionalism was not science...

Question 9

Titchener relied almost exclusively on a single research method. What was it?

Accepted Answer

Titchener's primary research method was introspection, which involves examining and reporting one's own conscious thoughts and feelings.

Question 10

When training his students to use introspection as a research method, Titchener cautioned them not to confuse what was being observed with the basic elements of that stimulus. He referred to this mistake as the

Accepted Answer

Titchener referred to the mistake of confusing what was being observed with the basic elements of that stimulus as the "stimulus error." This concept was central to his structuralist approach, emphasizing the importance of analyzing conscious experiences into their basic components without conflating them with the physical stimuli that provoked them.

Question 11

According to Titchener, affections (feelings) can be described in terms of

Accepted Answer

Titchener believed that affections, or feelings, could be analyzed in terms of their quality, intensity, and duration, similar to how he thought sensations could be described.

Question 12

Although sensations can be defined in terms of four attributes, one of those is said to be the most important because it distinguishes a sensation from all others. That attribute is

Accepted Answer

Quality is the attribute that most fundamentally distinguishes one sensation from another, as it defines the unique characteristics that differentiate one type of sensation (e.g., taste, sound) from another.

Question 13

Titchener's first doctoral student, Margaret Washburn, is best known for her book on

Accepted Answer

Margaret Washburn is best known for her work in comparative psychology, particularly her book "The Animal Mind," which focused on the mental processes of non-human animals.

Question 14

The principal reason that Titchener formed his group called "The Experimentalists" was because

Accepted Answer

Titchener formed "The Experimentalists" due to his dissatisfaction with the quality of the science presented at the American Psychological Association (APA) meetings, seeking a forum that better aligned with his vision of rigorous experimental psychology.

Question 15

Titchener's most important publication was a series of four books, commonly called the "Manuals." These books were important because they

Accepted Answer

The "Manuals" were significant because they were used to train a generation of American psychologists in research methods, focusing on experimental psychology techniques.

Question 16

Charles Darwin proposed that _________________ was the mechanism by which species evolution occurred.

Accepted Answer

Charles Darwin proposed that natural selection was the mechanism by which species evolution occurred, as outlined in his book "On the Origin of Species."

Question 17

James Angell identified three conceptions of a functional psychology. Which of the following was NOT one of them?

Accepted Answer

James Angell's conceptions of functional psychology did not include the study of mental elements, which is more characteristic of structuralism. Functionalism, as Angell described, focuses on mental operations, the utilities of consciousness, and the psychophysical relationship, rather than the basic elements of consciousness.

Question 18

Robert Woodworth's dynamic psychology was especially focused on what leads people to feel and act as they do. Consequently, his psychology emphasized the study of

Accepted Answer

Woodworth's dynamic psychology is particularly concerned with understanding the underlying causes of human feelings and actions, which leads to an emphasis on the study of motivation. This focus is because motivation is a primary driver of why people feel and act in certain ways.

Question 19

Woodworth's psychology is often described as an S-O-R psychology with the "O" standing for

Accepted Answer

Woodworth's psychology is described as S-O-R (Stimulus-Organism-Response) psychology, where "O" stands for Organismic variables. This emphasizes the role of the organism's internal state or processes in mediating between stimulus and response.

Question 20

Woodworth argued that the only method that could determine cause-and-effect relationships was

Accepted Answer

Woodworth argued that the experiment was the only method that could determine cause-and-effect relationships because it allows for the manipulation of variables and control of conditions, which is essential for establishing causality.

Quiz 5: The Early Schools of American Psychology