Question 1

ACTH injections may facilitate memory
A) via hippocampal receptors for ACTH.
B) via interactions with the adrenal glands.
C) in intact (no brain lesions) individuals.
D) by transport of ACTH fragments into the brain.

Accepted Answer

D

Question 2

Experiments suggest that epinephrine increases glucose levels by
A) stimulating acetylcholine (ACh) release in the brain.
B) activating alpha adrenergic receptors in the periphery.
C) activating beta adrenergic receptors in the periphery.
D) blocking alpha adrenergic receptors in the periphery.

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine increases glucose levels primarily by activating beta adrenergic receptors, which stimulate glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver, leading to increased glucose release into the bloodstream.

Question 3

Training under the influence of a drug or hormone often induces a behavioral or motivational state that is encoded as part of the memory. This phenomenon is known as
A) state-dependent learning.
B) registration.
C) encoding or consolidation.
D) retrieval.

Accepted Answer

State-dependent learning refers to the phenomenon where information learned in a particular state (e.g., under the influence of a drug) is more easily recalled when in that same state.

Question 4

Which is the correct summary of opioid effects on learning?
A) Opioids enhance learning when the stimuli to be learned are pleasant.
B) Opioids produce amnesia when the stimuli to be learned are aversive.
C) Opioids do not produce state-dependent effects on learning.
D) Both a and b

Accepted Answer

Opioids can enhance learning when the stimuli are pleasant and produce amnesia when the stimuli are aversive, indicating their dual role in modulating learning based on the nature of the stimuli.

Question 5

Hippocampal long-term potentiation is greatest in the _______ of _______.
A) morning; diestrus
B) afternoon; diestrus
C) morning; proestrus
D) afternoon; proestrus

Accepted Answer

The answer of Hippocampal long-term potentiation is greatest in the...

Question 6

A group of food-deprived mice are placed on a T maze where they are rewarded with food for picking the correct alley. Those animals that are rewarded immediately after the trial show greater recall than animals rewarded 3 hours after training. This enhanced recall is most likely due to
A) opiates.
B) CCK.
C) cortisol.
D) epinephrine.
E) All of the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of A group of food-deprived mice are placed...

Question 7

The CA fields of the hippocampus are composed of _______ cells.
A) pyramidal
B) granule
C) Purkinje
D) stellate

Accepted Answer

The CA fields of the hippocampus are primarily composed of pyramidal cells, which are a type of excitatory neuron.

Question 8

In the laboratory, sex differences are often observed in nonhuman animals and humans. Generally, males perform better on tests of _______ learning than females.
A) declarative
B) episodic
C) spatial
D) verbal

Accepted Answer

Males generally perform better on tests of spatial learning, which involves understanding and remembering the spatial relationships between objects.

Question 9

Vasopressin and oxytocin often have opposing actions on memory. Generally, vasopressin _______ memory, whereas oxytocin _______ memory.
A) impairs; enhances
B) enhances; impairs
C) crystallizes; enhances
D) improves; enhances

Accepted Answer

Vasopressin is generally associated with enhancing memory, particularly in the context of social and emotional memories, while oxytocin is often linked to impairing memory, especially in reducing anxiety-related memories.

Question 10

Which statement regarding the brown-headed cowbird is accurate?
A) Females have larger hippocampi than males.
B) Males have larger hippocampi than females.
C) The member of the breeding pair that is responsible for finding food has the largest hippocampi.
D) There is no sex difference in the size of the hippocampi in this species.

Accepted Answer

Female brown-headed cowbirds have larger hippocampi than males, which is associated with their role in remembering the locations of host nests for laying eggs.

Question 11

Which would you use in experiments to test spatial memory in rat?
A) Radial arm maze
B) Elevated plus maze
C) Morris water maze
D) Two-way shuttle box
E) Both a and c

Accepted Answer

The radial arm maze and Morris water maze are both commonly used to test spatial memory in rats.

Question 12

Your experimental goal is enhancing spatial memory in a rat using epinephrine. When would be the best time to administer memory enhancing dosage to receive the desired effect?
A) Before training
B) Immediately after training
C) During training
D) Following a substantial period of time that allows initial molecular memory process to take place

Accepted Answer

Administering epinephrine immediately after training can enhance memory consolidation processes, making it more effective for improving spatial memory.

Question 13

Your experimental goal in rats is to eliminate a previous learned skill. In order to do just that, it would be wise to use
A) glucose
B) epinephrine
C) oxytocin
D) vasopressin
E) Both c and d

Accepted Answer

The answer of Your experimental goal in rats is to...

Question 14

Males may outperform females on visuospatial tasks due to sex differences in all of the following except
A) activity levels.
B) problem solving strategy.
C) learning style.
D) larger brains resulting from testosterone.

Accepted Answer

Larger brains resulting from testosterone is not a factor that explains sex differences in visuospatial tasks.

Question 15

Exposure to short day lengths tend to
A) expand hippocampal volume.
B) shrink hippocampal volume.
C) expand amygdalar volume.
D) shrink amygdalar volume.

Accepted Answer

Exposure to short day lengths is associated with a reduction in hippocampal volume, likely due to decreased neurogenesis and increased stress hormone levels during shorter daylight periods.

Question 16

List three hormones that affect learning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List three hormones that affect learning....

Question 17

List three types of learning.

Accepted Answer

The answer of List three types of learning....

Question 18

What are some of the brain and behavioral outcomes in adults of chronic stress in rodents?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are some of the brain and...

Question 19

What is the impact of hormone on learning across the estrous and menstrual cycles?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What is the impact of hormone on...

Question 20

Learning and memory are hypothetical constructs. Describe how to measure learning and memory. Defend the validity of the concept of learning and memory.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Learning and memory are hypothetical constructs. Describe...

Quiz 12: Learning and Memory

ACTH injections may facilitate memory

Experiments suggest that epinephrine increases glucose levels by

Training under the influence of a drug or hormone often induces a behavioral or motivational state that is encoded as part of the memory. This phenomenon is known as

Which is the correct summary of opioid effects on learning?

Hippocampal long-term potentiation is greatest in the _ of _.

A group of food-deprived mice are placed on a T maze where they are rewarded with food for picking the correct alley. Those animals that are rewarded immediately after the trial show greater recall than animals rewarded 3 hours after training. This enhanced recall is most likely due to

The CA fields of the hippocampus are composed of _______ cells.

In the laboratory, sex differences are often observed in nonhuman animals and humans. Generally, males perform better on tests of _______ learning than females.

Vasopressin and oxytocin often have opposing actions on memory. Generally, vasopressin _ memory, whereas oxytocin _ memory.

Which statement regarding the brown-headed cowbird is accurate?

Which would you use in experiments to test spatial memory in rat?

Your experimental goal is enhancing spatial memory in a rat using epinephrine. When would be the best time to administer memory enhancing dosage to receive the desired effect?

Your experimental goal in rats is to eliminate a previous learned skill. In order to do just that, it would be wise to use

Males may outperform females on visuospatial tasks due to sex differences in all of the following except

Exposure to short day lengths tend to

List three hormones that affect learning.

List three types of learning.

What are some of the brain and behavioral outcomes in adults of chronic stress in rodents?

What is the impact of hormone on learning across the estrous and menstrual cycles?

Learning and memory are hypothetical constructs. Describe how to measure learning and memory. Defend the validity of the concept of learning and memory.