Question 1

Gabrielle is a sociable youngster who loves attention and enjoys meeting new people. Her brother, Elijah, is shy and sometimes feels anxious with people he does not know. According to the "goodness of fit" construct, Gabrielle's and Elijah's mother should ______.

Accepted Answer

The "goodness of fit" construct suggests that parents should adjust their parenting to match their child's temperament, allowing each child to thrive in their own way.

Question 2

In a diary study conducted on dual-wage earner, middle-class U.S. families, Kotila and colleagues found that over ______ of fathers of young children eat meals with their children, play with them, and bathe or change diapers on a daily basis.

Accepted Answer

Kotila and colleagues' study found that over 90% of fathers of young children in dual-wage earner, middle-class U.S. families engage in daily activities such as eating meals with their children, playing with them, and bathing or changing diapers.

Question 3

The American custom of enrolling infants in high-quality childcare centers ______.

Accepted Answer

High-quality childcare centers are designed to offer a stimulating environment that supports both social and cognitive development in infants, providing them with valuable early learning experiences.

Question 4

Cultural differences in child-rearing goals can be seen in the way parents manage young children. In Japan, for example, one of the child-rearing goals is teaching children to value the group--being interdependent. As a result, Japanese infants and toddlers ______.

Accepted Answer

Japanese child-rearing practices emphasize close physical contact with mothers to foster a sense of interdependence and group belonging.

Question 5

Discipline is defined as ______.

Accepted Answer

Discipline is training in order to act in accordance with rules.

Question 6

Sherry's daughter, Melissa, is 4 years old. According to parenting experts, if Sherry uses "time-out" to discipline Melissa, the appropriate amount of time to use is ______ min.

Accepted Answer

The general guideline recommended by parenting experts for the duration of a time-out is 1 minute per year of the child's age. Since Melissa is 4 years old, the appropriate time-out duration would be 4 minutes.

Question 7

Parental efforts to constrain, invalidate, and manipulate a child's thoughts, emotions, and expressions are referred to as ______.

Accepted Answer

Psychological control refers to parental behaviors that are intrusive and manipulative of children's thoughts, feelings, and attachment to parents. These behaviors can undermine the child's development of autonomy and healthy emotional functioning.

Question 8

Researchers agree that competent parents ______ arbitrary demands and unnecessary restrictions.

Accepted Answer

Competent parents are known to avoid unnecessary or extreme uses of power assertion as well as arbitrary demands and unnecessary restrictions, as these practices can negatively impact child development and the parent-child relationship.

Question 9

According to the text, mothers reported using ______ more than yelling as a form of disciple at around ______ months.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the text, mothers reported using...

Question 10

The degree to which parents provide a predictable and organized environment for a child is referred to as ______. This process gives children a sense of predictability and security.

Accepted Answer

Structuring refers to the degree to which parents provide a predictable and organized environment for their children, which helps in giving them a sense of predictability and security.

Question 11

When her children were young, Elizabeth established a dinnertime routine. Each evening the family sat together and, for the most part, ate healthy meals. Before they dined, each family member mentioned a good thing that had happened that day. This example of ______ likely added to the children's sense of security and reduced their chances for childhood obesity.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is "structuring" because establishing a routine, especially one that involves family meals and positive interactions, provides a structured environment. This structure can contribute to a child's sense of security and has been linked to healthier eating habits, which can reduce the risk of childhood obesity.

Question 12

An example of parental structuring concerns children's sleeping practices. In a study of 3,000 American families, researchers found that decisions about where children slept and other bedtime routines were linked to ______.

Accepted Answer

The study found that race/ethnicity was linked to decisions about children's sleeping practices and bedtime routines.

Question 13

When toddlers play, they hit peers about once every 13 min! In an illustration of Vygotsky's zone of proximal development, mothers who structure their toddler's social interactions using close supervision and coaching ______.

Accepted Answer

Vygotsky's zone of proximal development suggests that children can perform more complex tasks or engage in more mature interactions with the help of a more knowledgeable guide. When mothers closely supervise and coach their toddlers during social interactions, they are acting as these guides, thereby helping their toddlers to engage in more mature interactions.

Question 14

In an observational study of mothers with their 2-year-old at the supermarket, effective mothers anticipated their children's behavior and directed them to positive activities before they misbehaved. Mothers who frequently used such proactive techniques ______.

Accepted Answer

Mothers who proactively directed their children to positive activities before potential misbehavior were likely to see a reduction in misbehavior rates, as this approach helps in managing the child's behavior effectively by engaging them in positive activities, thus preventing misbehavior before it starts.

Question 15

For children under the age of 6, the majority of injuries occur ______.

Accepted Answer

The majority of injuries for children under the age of 6 occur in the home, due to the significant amount of time they spend there and the various hazards that can be present in a domestic environment.

Question 16

Two-year-old Juan was playing with a new toy when it unexpectedly made a loud noise. Juan dropped the toy and hid behind the couch. By hiding behind the couch, Juan ______.

Accepted Answer

Juan's action of hiding behind the couch after the toy made a loud noise is an example of regulating his negative emotion. This behavior is a way to manage his fear or distress caused by the unexpected loud noise from the toy.

Question 17

Helping toddlers learn to regulate and express their emotions appropriately is an important task for parents. Which of the following statements best represents the ability of toddlers to manage their emotions?

Accepted Answer

Toddlers use self-comforting behaviors, such as thumb sucking, as a way to self-regulate and manage their emotions. This is a part of their development in learning how to cope with different feelings and situations.

Question 18

Felicia wants to encourage her toddler's cognitive development. One of the most important things she can do to reach her goal is ______.

Accepted Answer

Talking with a toddler using a rich vocabulary helps in language development and cognitive growth by exposing them to new words and concepts.

Question 19

When infants are awake, they spend times in different states of alertness. Some of the time, they are in ______ alert and spend their time gazing at the environment. Other times, they are in ______ alert and engage in more movement and are more responsive.

Accepted Answer

Infants experience different states of alertness, including "quiet alert" where they are calm and observant, and "active alert" where they are more physically active and responsive.

Question 20

An infant in day care expresses a clear preference for their own mother at pickup time, despite multiple women entering the room at the same time. Based on this observation, the infant is in which of the following phases of attachment?

Accepted Answer

This behavior is indicative of the "clear-cut attachment phase," which typically occurs from 6 to 30 months of age. During this phase, infants show a strong preference for their primary caregivers and may exhibit stranger anxiety or separation anxiety.

Quiz 7: Parenting Infants and Toddlers