Question 1

All of the following problems were associated with Thomas and Chess' first systematic view of temperament EXCEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

Thomas and Chess' first systematic view of temperament did not criticize the interviews for being brief and ill-performed. Their work primarily focused on identifying and categorizing different temperaments in children, and the criticisms were more about the implications and overlaps of the characteristics they identified, rather than the methodology of the interviews themselves.

Question 2

In the U.S. diary study, the 3-month-old data revealed that ______.

Accepted Answer

Studies and surveys on parental behavior typically find that mothers spend more time interacting with their infants than fathers do. This is often attributed to traditional gender roles, maternity leave policies, and biological factors such as breastfeeding.

Question 3

All of the following countries are members of the Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development, which offers statutory entitlement to paid maternity of parental leave on a national basis EXCEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

The United States is the exception; it does not offer statutory entitlement to paid maternity or parental leave on a national basis, unlike Australia, Spain, and the United Kingdom, which are members of the OECD and provide such benefits.

Question 4

What percentage of women in the United States return to work within just two weeks of giving birth?

Accepted Answer

The answer of What percentage of women in the United...

Question 5

Alternative center-based childcare provides a viable option for families in which both parents are working or the family has only one parent. A proven drawback to putting one's child in such a center is that children in childcare centers ______.

Accepted Answer

All of these options are proven drawbacks of putting a child in a childcare center. Children in these settings often have higher stress levels due to the new environment and separation from parents, are more exposed to illnesses because they are in close contact with more children, and the cost of childcare in these centers is typically higher than at-home care options.

Question 6

Jameel and Nina regularly read to their 2-year-old child, minimize screen time, and encourage outdoor exploration. These actions are examples of which of the following parenting tasks during the toddlerhood years?

Accepted Answer

Reading, minimizing screen time, and encouraging outdoor exploration are activities that stimulate a child's cognitive and physical development and instruct them in engaging with the world, fitting the description of stimulating and instructing.

Question 7

Kevin sometimes lets his 16-month-old son, Gabriel, watch entertaining videos on his iPad as a way to keep him busy while he gets household chores done. According to the American Academy of Pediatrics, Gabriel's screen use ______.

Accepted Answer

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children under the age of 2 should not be exposed to any visual technology products, including screens like those on iPads, as it can affect their development negatively.

Question 8

All of the following are ways parents can help their toddlers learn to regulate their emotions EXCEPT ______.

Accepted Answer

Letting toddlers learn for themselves does not actively help them learn to regulate their emotions. Parents play a crucial role in guiding and teaching their children emotional regulation through modeling, teaching strategies, and managing the emotional climate.

Question 9

Suki makes it a priority in her busy day to spend time with her son Manji as they walk or sometimes bike around the neighborhood. By engaging in this active play, Suki is helping to develop her son's ______ skills.

Accepted Answer

Engaging in activities like walking or biking helps develop sensorimotor skills, which involve the coordination of sensory and motor functions.

Question 10

In a landmark study on socioeconomic differences in infants, researchers found that children of parents on welfare heard about 600 words per hour, while children from affluent families heard ______ words. Toddlers that hear more words have larger expressive vocabularies and therefore reap a cognitive benefit.

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is 2,100 words. This finding comes from the Hart and Risley study (1995), which highlighted the significant difference in the number of words heard by children from different socioeconomic backgrounds, with children from affluent families hearing about 2,100 words per hour. This difference contributes to the "word gap" and has implications for cognitive and language development.

Question 11

The Period of Purple Crying is a concept created to educate parents about excessive crying. The U in PURPLE stands for unsettled.

Accepted Answer

The U in PURPLE stands for "Unpredictable," referring to the unpredictable nature of an infant's crying during this phase.

Question 12

The hippocampus, which is involved in the formation of new memories as well as learning and emotion, has been shown to have larger volumes in children with mothers who were more nurturing when the children were young.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that nurturing behavior from mothers during early childhood is associated with larger hippocampal volumes in their children. This part of the brain is crucial for memory, learning, and emotional regulation, suggesting that early maternal care can have a significant impact on brain development.

Question 13

Morgan is just starting to introduce her toddler to variety in daily experiences and stimulation of all five senses, such as walking into a candle store. Since her child is no longer in their infancy, Morgan can introduce situations that are overstimulating in order to assure her child can cope in the future.

Accepted Answer

Introducing a child to overstimulating situations can lead to stress and anxiety rather than helping them cope in the future. It's important to gradually introduce new experiences and monitor the child's response, ensuring they are comfortable and can process the stimuli effectively.

Question 14

Kameel's mother has noticed that her 12-month-old infant doesn't seem to smile much and has trouble responding to his name. It is likely that Kameel might have Autism Spectrum Disorder, compromising his level of secure attachment.

Accepted Answer

These behaviors can be early indicators of Autism Spectrum Disorder, which can affect social interactions and attachment.

Question 15

The interaction of temperament and parenting in areas such as frustration, fear, and impulsivity exhibit the bidirectional effects of the parent-child relationship.

Accepted Answer

The interaction of temperament and parenting indeed shows bidirectional effects, meaning both the child's temperament can influence parenting styles and approaches, and conversely, parenting can affect the child's temperament and behavior, especially in areas like frustration, fear, and impulsivity. This reflects the dynamic and reciprocal nature of the parent-child relationship.

Question 16

In a study on 6- to 12-month-old infants, fMRI machines have been used to study the effect of different tones, such as very angry, neutral, and mild, by an adult male on child brain functioning. The data did not reveal any marked difference in the neurological reactions of the infants.

Accepted Answer

Studies using fMRI on infants have shown that different tones, such as angry or neutral, can elicit different neurological responses, indicating that infants can differentiate between emotional tones.

Question 17

Julie is a mother to an infant. In a meetup with one of her friends Laurie, who is also a mother of an infant, they discuss how much time they spend with their children on the weekends. They find that Julie spends about a half hour more time in social interaction with her infant than Laurie does. We can conclude that Julie is most likely unemployed and therefore can afford that extra time.

Accepted Answer

The conclusion that Julie is most likely unemployed based solely on her spending a half hour more in social interaction with her infant than Laurie does is not supported by the information given. Employment status is not mentioned, and there are many factors that could account for differences in time spent, such as differences in work schedules, family support, or personal priorities.

Question 18

A cashier in a supermarket observes a father avoiding the candy aisle, with the foresight that it might be a problematic aisle. This strategic child-rearing practice is referred to as "proactive parenting."

Accepted Answer

Proactive parenting involves anticipating potential problems and taking preventative steps to avoid them, such as a parent avoiding the candy aisle to prevent a child from demanding sweets.

Question 19

Andy would be considered a child who is high in sensation-seeking temperaments and likes to show off on the monkey bars at the playground. According to the text, Andy is more likely to get injured when closely supervised by parents.

Accepted Answer

Andy is more likely to get injured when closely supervised by parents because he is high in sensation-seeking temperaments and likes to show off on the monkey bars at the playground. This means that he is more likely to take risks and push himself to the limit, which can lead to injuries. When he is closely supervised by parents, he may be more likely to try to impress them by taking even greater risks, which could increase his chances of getting hurt.

Question 20

Parents who are overprotective and controlling are intentionally promoting social withdrawal in their toddler.

Accepted Answer

Most overprotective and controlling parents do not intentionally promote social withdrawal in their toddler; rather, their behavior is often motivated by a desire to protect their child from harm or failure, not realizing it may inadvertently lead to social withdrawal.

Quiz 7: Parenting Infants and Toddlers