Question 1

A ______ deviant is one who becomes involved in deviant behavior as a sequence of deviant events that occur over time with a beginning and an end.

Accepted Answer

A career deviant refers to an individual whose involvement in deviant behavior is seen as a progression or sequence of events over time, indicating a pattern or career in deviance rather than isolated incidents.

Question 2

Dancing in a strip clip is an example of ______.

Accepted Answer

A deviant career refers to a sequence of roles that a person adopts that are outside the norms of society, such as dancing in a strip club. This term recognizes that such activities can constitute a professional path or career, albeit one that is not aligned with mainstream societal norms.

Question 3

Which theorists studied upper-level drug dealers and smugglers in California, finding a stratification within deviant careers?

Accepted Answer

Adler and Adler conducted research on upper-level drug dealers and smugglers, identifying a stratification within deviant careers. Their work is notable for exploring the social organization and dynamics of drug trafficking and the careers of those involved in it.

Question 4

The concept of deviant ______ identifies when people define themselves as deviant?

Accepted Answer

Deviant identity acquisition refers to the process where individuals come to recognize and define themselves as deviant. This self-identification can influence their behavior and how they interact with society.

Question 5

The availability of alcohol and drugs and economic deprivation in a neighborhood is a ______ level risk factor for adolescent problem behaviors.

Accepted Answer

The availability of alcohol and drugs and economic deprivation in a neighborhood are factors that affect the community at large, making them community level risk factors for adolescent problem behaviors.

Question 6

At the community level, encouraging programs that provide opportunities for conventional involvement and rewards for doing good things in the neighborhood is an example of a ______ factor against adolescent problem behaviors.

Accepted Answer

Encouraging programs that provide opportunities for conventional involvement and rewards for doing good things in the neighborhood is an example of a protective factor. Protective factors are conditions or attributes in individuals, families, communities, or the larger society that, when present, mitigate or eliminate risk in families and communities that, if present, increase the health and well-being of children and families.

Question 7

What does research suggest about whether criminals specialize in a certain type of crime?

Accepted Answer

Most research in the field of criminology suggests that criminals tend to be generalists rather than specialists, engaging in a variety of criminal activities rather than focusing on one specific type of crime. This challenges the notion that criminals typically specialize in a certain type of crime.

Question 8

Becker (1953) suggested that people who used marijuana needed to go through three stages before becoming a regular marijuana user: (1) learn to smoke the drug properly, (2) feel the intoxicating "high" associated with smoking marijuana, and (3) ______.

Accepted Answer

Becker's theory on marijuana use posits that after learning to smoke properly and feeling the high, individuals must interpret the sensation of intoxication as enjoyable or pleasurable to become regular users. This process involves a social learning aspect where the user comes to understand and appreciate the effects of marijuana.

Question 9

Which of the following is identified in the text as a strong predictor of persistence and escalation in deviance?

Accepted Answer

The age at which someone first engages in deviance is often considered a strong predictor of persistence and escalation in deviant behavior, as early engagement can lead to more entrenched patterns over time.

Question 10

Baker et al. (2010) reviewed several general and prostitution-specific models of change. Which of the following is an example of an individual barrier to leaving prostitution identified in her research?

Accepted Answer

Mental health problems were identified as individual barriers to leaving prostitution in Baker et al.'s (2010) research. These problems can significantly impact an individual's ability to exit prostitution due to the personal challenges they present.

Question 11

One major criticism of the career criminal paradigm is that most studies ______.

Accepted Answer

The answer of One major criticism of the career criminal...

Question 12

Once a deviant issue is defined as worthy of developing programs or policies for, then we need to think about ______.

Accepted Answer

Identifying protective factors is crucial in developing effective programs or policies to address deviant issues, as it focuses on strengthening factors that can prevent or mitigate the impact of deviant behavior.

Question 13

Which of the following accurately describes a major challenge of developing policies and programs to address deviant behavior?

Accepted Answer

It is challenging to predict the unintended consequences of policies and programs aimed at addressing deviant behavior, as these outcomes can sometimes exacerbate the problem or create new issues.

Question 14

Which sequence outlines the sequential steps in career deviance in the correct order, first to last?

Accepted Answer

The correct sequence for career deviance is onset (the beginning of deviant behavior), escalation (increase in frequency or severity of the behavior), and desistance (the process of stopping the behavior).

Question 15

Whether ______ summarizes the "great debate" among criminologists studying career deviance?

Accepted Answer

The "great debate" among criminologists studying career deviance centers on the necessity of longitudinal studies to accurately track and understand the development of criminal careers over time.

Question 16

What does "desistance" refer to?

Accepted Answer

Desistance refers to the process of stopping or ceasing a particular behavior, in this context, the cessation of deviant behavior.

Question 17

Amy lived a pretty normal life. When she met Todd, he introduced her into the lifestyle of swinging-when an otherwise monogamous couple agrees to swap sexual partners with another couple. What is this an example of?

Accepted Answer

This is an example of the onset of a deviant career because Amy is beginning to engage in behaviors (swinging) that deviate from societal norms regarding monogamy and sexual relationships.

Question 18

According to Baker et al. (2010) prostitutes go through a series of stages when they try to leave prostitution. Which list below describes those stages in the correct order?

Accepted Answer

The correct stages, according to Baker et al. (2010), are immersion, awareness, deliberate planning, initial exit, and final exit, which reflects the process individuals go through from being involved in prostitution to successfully leaving it.

Question 19

When studying desistance from career deviance, ______ can be linked to social control theory through the bond of "belief," as well as informal agents of social control that deviants may associate with because of newfound beliefs.

Accepted Answer

Spirituality can be linked to social control theory through the bond of "belief," as it often involves a transformation or adoption of new beliefs that align with societal norms and values. This change can lead to associating with informal agents of social control (like religious or spiritual groups) that support desistance from deviant behaviors.

Question 20

Rocque, Posick, Marshall, and Piquero (2015) obtained and analyzed data from the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD2) to address a lack of cross-cultural research on career criminality. What was a weakness of their research?

Accepted Answer

The use of secondary data is considered a weakness in their research because it may limit the control over the quality and specificity of the data collected for their specific research questions. Secondary data are collected for some other primary purpose and might not perfectly align with the research objectives of the study in question.

Quiz 12: Deviant Careers and Career Deviance