Question 1

A social contract can be summarized as ______.
A) a written agreement to act based on the laws
B) giving up some freedom to benefit from community rules
C) exchanging most civil rights and civil liberties for safety
D) accepting that the government has absolute authority to make laws

Accepted Answer

A social contract involves individuals giving up some personal freedoms in exchange for the benefits of living within a society with rules and protections, not necessarily involving a written agreement, the exchange of most civil rights, or accepting absolute governmental authority.

Question 2

According to the text, two types of social controls exist in society: ______.
A) formal and informal
B) positive and negative
C) legal and social
D) judicial and extrajudicial

Accepted Answer

Formal and informal social controls are the two types recognized in society, where formal controls include laws and regulations enforced by institutions, and informal controls involve societal norms and expectations managed by community and family.

Question 3

Police arresting a criminal reflects ______ social control.
A) informal
B) positive
C) negative
D) formal

Accepted Answer

Police arresting a criminal is an example of formal social control, which involves laws and regulations enforced by an authority, such as the government or police, to maintain social order.

Question 4

______ refers to the process of behavior previously defined as deviant becoming defined as sickness.
A) Medicalization
B) Constructivism
C) Objectivism
D) Deconstructivism

Accepted Answer

Medicalization is the process through which behaviors or conditions previously understood as deviant or outside the norm are redefined within a medical framework, often leading to them being treated as illnesses or disorders.

Question 5

Which researchers used a Seattle case study to examine how often individuals, mostly poor or homeless, are arrested and prohibited from entering areas associated with drug dealing and prostitution?
A) Hirschi and Gottfredson
B) Beckett and Herbert
C) Sutherland and Cressey
D) Sampson and Laub

Accepted Answer

Beckett and Herbert conducted a study focusing on the use of legal orders to exclude individuals, often those who are poor or homeless, from areas in Seattle known for drug dealing and prostitution. This research is part of a broader examination of spatial control and the criminalization of poverty.

Question 6

Joseph is in kindergarten. He frequently picks his nose. When he does, his friends laugh at him and scream "Gross!" His mother ignores his behavior because she thinks he will grow out of it. Which part of this example reflects informal social control?
A) his friends laughing at him
B) his mother ignoring him
C) Joseph picking his nose
D) Joseph being in kindergarten

Accepted Answer

His friends laughing at him acts as an informal social control by expressing disapproval of his behavior, which can influence him to change his actions.

Question 7

Which theorist identified the five pains of imprisonment?
A) Goffman
B) Beckett
C) Herbert
D) Sykes

Accepted Answer

Gresham M. Sykes identified the five pains of imprisonment, which include deprivation of liberty, goods and services, heterosexual relationships, autonomy, and security.

Question 8

______ consequences refers to how incarceration affects communities and families beyond the institution.
A) Primary
B) Secondary
C) Collateral
D) Stigmatic

Accepted Answer

Collateral consequences are the effects that incarceration has on communities and families outside of the institution itself, including economic, social, and psychological impacts.

Question 9

One formal control of deviant behavior involves ______, in which individuals-often poor or homeless-may be arrested and then subsequently prohibited from entering or occupying certain areas.
A) diversion
B) banishment
C) reification
D) disenfranchisement

Accepted Answer

Banishment involves prohibiting individuals, often those who are poor or homeless, from entering or occupying certain areas, serving as a formal control of deviant behavior.

Question 10

Mental illness, hyperactivity in children, and alcoholism are all examples of behavior that were formerly defined as deviant but were then ______, meaning that now doctors are primarily responsible for responding to the behavior.
A) criminalized
B) institutionalized
C) medicalized
D) marginalized

Accepted Answer

These behaviors have been medicalized, which means they are now understood and treated as medical conditions rather than as deviant behavior, leading to a response primarily from medical professionals.

Question 11

Drapetomania was a mental illness diagnosed in enslaved people who repeatedly attempted to escape slavery. This diagnosis is no longer recognized as valid within the medical community. This is an example of ______.
A) total institutionalization
B) informal social controls
C) medicalization
D) demedicalization

Accepted Answer

Drapetomania was once considered a legitimate mental illness but is no longer recognized as such, illustrating the process of demedicalization, where behaviors, conditions, or issues once framed as medical problems are no longer classified in this manner.

Question 12

What did Michelle Alexander call "the new Jim Crow?"
A) juvenile delinquency
B) mass incarceration
C) the Black Lives Matter movement
D) deinstitutionalization

Accepted Answer

Michelle Alexander referred to mass incarceration as "the new Jim Crow" in her book "The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness," arguing that it is a system of racial control that disproportionately affects African Americans.

Question 13

What do prisons, mental hospitals, and juvenile detention centers all have in common?
A) They are all total institutions.
B) They are all part of "the new Jim Crow."
C) They are all avenues for medicalization.
D) They are all forms of informal social control.

Accepted Answer

These institutions are considered "total institutions" because they are places where people are isolated from the broader society and lead an enclosed, formally administered life. This concept was introduced by sociologist Erving Goffman to describe places that encompass all aspects of the inmates' lives under a single authority.

Question 14

Which of the following statements about total institutions is accurate?
A) Entrance into a total institution medicalizes criminal behavior.
B) Some total institutions are entered into voluntarily.
C) Most total institutions are easy to leave.
D) There are very few total institutions still in operation today.

Accepted Answer

Total institutions, as defined by sociologist Erving Goffman, are places where people are cut off from the wider society and lead an enclosed, formally administered life. Examples include prisons, military boot camps, convents, and some boarding schools. While many total institutions are not entered into by choice (such as prisons), others, like monasteries or certain boarding schools, can be entered voluntarily by individuals seeking a particular lifestyle or set of experiences. This makes option B correct.

Question 15

Which of the following is a purpose of criminal sanctions identified by Hagan?
A) retribution
B) family separation
C) shaming
D) validating laws

Accepted Answer

Retribution is a recognized purpose of criminal sanctions, aiming to punish offenders for their wrongdoing.

Question 16

Punishing criminals serves the function of ______; when an offender is caught and sanctioned, the boundaries of the community are clearly tested, set, and reaffirmed.
A) restitution
B) incapacitation
C) individual/specific deterrence
D) moral affirmation/symbolism

Accepted Answer

The correct answer is D) moral affirmation/symbolism. This choice reflects the idea that punishing criminals serves to reaffirm the community's values and boundaries, rather than directly compensating victims (restitution), preventing the criminal from committing more crimes (incapacitation), or deterring the specific individual from future offenses (individual/specific deterrence).

Question 17

What is the primary purpose of prisons, according to the text?
A) general deterrence
B) incapacitation
C) rehabilitation
D) moral affirmation

Accepted Answer

The primary purpose of prisons, as traditionally understood, is incapacitation, which means removing offenders from society to prevent them from committing further crimes.

Question 18

When reviewing the pains of imprisonment, the deprivation of ______ is found in the way that every significant movement an inmate makes is controlled by others; inmates must abide by others' decisions and submit to those decisions with enforced respect and deference.
A) liberty
B) security
C) autonomy
D) goods and services

Accepted Answer

The deprivation of autonomy is highlighted in this context, as it refers to the loss of personal independence and the ability to make one's own choices, which is a direct consequence of the described prison conditions where inmates' movements and decisions are controlled by others.

Question 19

"The worst thing about prison is you have to live with other prisoners" is a statement that summarizes the deprivation of ______, which is one of the pains of imprisonment.
A) goods and services
B) heterosexual relationships
C) security
D) liberty

Accepted Answer

The statement highlights the deprivation of security as one of the pains of imprisonment, emphasizing the discomfort and potential danger of being forced to live closely with other prisoners.

Question 20

Felon disenfranchisement is a form of ______.
A) civil death
B) medicalization
C) informal social control
D) mass incarceration

Accepted Answer

Felon disenfranchisement refers to the loss of voting rights for people who have committed felonies, which is a form of civil death, meaning the loss of all or almost all civil rights.

Quiz 11: Societal Responses to Deviance

A social contract can be summarized as ______.

According to the text, two types of social controls exist in society: ______.

Police arresting a criminal reflects ______ social control.

______ refers to the process of behavior previously defined as deviant becoming defined as sickness.

Which researchers used a Seattle case study to examine how often individuals, mostly poor or homeless, are arrested and prohibited from entering areas associated with drug dealing and prostitution?

Joseph is in kindergarten. He frequently picks his nose. When he does, his friends laugh at him and scream "Gross!" His mother ignores his behavior because she thinks he will grow out of it. Which part of this example reflects informal social control?

Which theorist identified the five pains of imprisonment?

______ consequences refers to how incarceration affects communities and families beyond the institution.

One formal control of deviant behavior involves ______, in which individuals-often poor or homeless-may be arrested and then subsequently prohibited from entering or occupying certain areas.

Mental illness, hyperactivity in children, and alcoholism are all examples of behavior that were formerly defined as deviant but were then ______, meaning that now doctors are primarily responsible for responding to the behavior.

Drapetomania was a mental illness diagnosed in enslaved people who repeatedly attempted to escape slavery. This diagnosis is no longer recognized as valid within the medical community. This is an example of ______.

What did Michelle Alexander call "the new Jim Crow?"

What do prisons, mental hospitals, and juvenile detention centers all have in common?

Which of the following statements about total institutions is accurate?

Which of the following is a purpose of criminal sanctions identified by Hagan?

Punishing criminals serves the function of ______; when an offender is caught and sanctioned, the boundaries of the community are clearly tested, set, and reaffirmed.

What is the primary purpose of prisons, according to the text?

When reviewing the pains of imprisonment, the deprivation of ______ is found in the way that every significant movement an inmate makes is controlled by others; inmates must abide by others' decisions and submit to those decisions with enforced respect and deference.

"The worst thing about prison is you have to live with other prisoners" is a statement that summarizes the deprivation of ______, which is one of the pains of imprisonment.

Felon disenfranchisement is a form of ______.