Which approach to attitude formation focuses on how attitudes are formed passively, outside of our awareness?

Question

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All of these approaches to attitude formation—self-perception theory, associative learning, and mere exposure—involve processes where attitudes can be formed passively and outside of our conscious awareness. Self-perception theory suggests we infer our attitudes from our behavior when our attitudes are unclear. Associative learning involves forming attitudes through associations with positive or negative stimuli. Mere exposure effect posits that repeated exposure to a stimulus increases our liking for it, all without active, conscious processing.

Which Approach to Attitude Formation Focuses on How Attitudes Are