Question 1

Gandhi and Oakley (2005) conducted an experiment in which two groups of participants were exposed to the same induction procedure, but one group was told that they were being hypnotized while the other group was told that they were receiving relaxation instructions. What was the resulting effect?

Accepted Answer

The hypnosis group was much more suggestible than the relaxation group, likely due to the participants' expectations and beliefs about hypnosis increasing their suggestibility.

Question 2

According to this view of hypnosis, immersing one's hand in ice water for a prolonged period yet feeling no pain is evidence that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness.

Accepted Answer

The "special state" theory of hypnosis posits that hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness, distinct from normal waking consciousness, where individuals can experience things like pain suppression, suggesting that the mind can operate in a different way under hypnosis.

Question 3

Sociocognitive theorists who argue that hypnosis is similar to a placebo response, meaning that hypnosis is dependent on a person believing that he or she is being hypnotized, take this view.

Accepted Answer

Nonstate theorists argue that hypnosis does not involve entering an altered state of consciousness. Instead, they believe that the effects of hypnosis are due to the individual's expectations, beliefs, and social context, similar to the placebo effect.

Question 4

Though some people believe that meditation involves being "zoned out," or on "another planet," meditation actually requires

Accepted Answer

Meditation involves relaxed attention, where the individual is focused and aware but in a relaxed state, contrary to being distracted or overly stimulated.

Question 5

All of the following are examples of techniques that transcendental meditation might recommend, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Transcendental Meditation (TM) primarily involves the repetition of a mantra and does not advocate for a broad, unfocused awareness of everything while responding to nothing. This approach contrasts with TM's technique, which focuses on a specific, effortless process.

Question 6

Zen meditation involves the use of open meditation practices in which

Accepted Answer

Zen meditation, or Zazen, emphasizes open awareness or mindfulness, where practitioners allow any thoughts, feelings, or sensations to pass through the mind without attachment or judgment, rather than focusing on a specific object, sound, or scenario.

Question 7

Though neuroscientific studies of the brains of meditators have revealed significant differences between meditating brains and nonmeditating brains, one can be skeptical of the fact that

Accepted Answer

The skepticism arises from the fact that while the research shows a correlation between meditation and changes in the brain, it does not definitively prove that meditation causes these changes. Correlation does not imply causation.

Question 8

Any substance with properties that affect mental life or consciousness is called a(n):

Accepted Answer

A psychoactive drug is any substance that affects mental processes or consciousness.

Question 9

When people use a drug to purposely change their conscious experiences apart from any medical treatment, they can be said to use drugs

Accepted Answer

Recreational drug use refers to the use of drugs for pleasure or leisure purposes rather than for medical reasons.

Question 10

Because of a variety of scientific and public biases, this drug was mistakenly thought to lead to Parkinson's disease.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Because of a variety of scientific and...

Question 11

Heroin is an example of the way in which beliefs about drugs change as society changes because

Accepted Answer

Heroin was originally manufactured and marketed as a cough suppressant and treatment for respiratory issues before its addictive properties were fully understood, reflecting how societal beliefs and medical practices regarding drugs can evolve over time.

Question 12

Which of the following is not among the classic set of defining characteristics of addiction?

Accepted Answer

Toxicity is not considered a defining characteristic of addiction. Addiction is typically defined by factors such as withdrawal, tolerance, and craving, which relate to how the body and mind respond to the absence or presence of the substance, rather than the toxic effects the substance may have on the body.

Question 13

Tolerance refers to the fact that the effect of a drug

Accepted Answer

Tolerance to a drug means that over time, a person needs to take a higher dose of the drug to achieve the same effect as initially experienced with a lower dose. This is because the body becomes accustomed to the drug's presence and its effects diminish at the original dosage.

Question 14

This classic effect of drug addiction is sometimes the result of the body experiencing removal of the drug as a harmful event.

Accepted Answer

Withdrawal symptoms occur when the body reacts to the absence of a drug it has become dependent on, often perceiving this absence as a harmful event.

Question 15

Most modern researchers and practitioners prefer to use this word instead of the word addiction.

Accepted Answer

Dependence is the term most modern researchers and practitioners prefer to use instead of addiction because it more accurately describes the condition of needing a substance to function, without the negative connotations associated with the word addiction.

Question 16

The larger this number becomes, the less toxic a drug is when given at normal doses.

Accepted Answer

The safety ratio (also known as the therapeutic index) is a measure of a drug's safety. It is calculated as the ratio between the toxic dose and the therapeutic dose of a drug. A higher safety ratio indicates that a drug is less toxic because there is a larger margin of safety between the dose that produces a therapeutic effect and the dose that could be harmful.

Question 17

According to a data from the Drug Abuse Warning Network, in 2008, these drugs accounted for more emergency room visits of 12- to 17-year-olds than cocaine, heroin, amphetamine, methamphetamine, ecstasy, LSD, and PCP combined.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to a data from the Drug...

Question 18

The term narcotic generally refers to these drugs.

Accepted Answer

Narcotics are primarily opioids, which are drugs that act on the opioid receptors in the brain to produce pain-relieving and euphoric effects.

Question 19

Opium is one of the oldest psychoactive substances known to mankind; however, it is not a drug itself, but contains a number of

Accepted Answer

Opium contains a number of alkaloids, which are naturally occurring chemical compounds that have pharmacological effects.

Question 20

Use of this class of hypnotic drugs along with heroin increases the risk of overdose nearly 28 times.

Accepted Answer

Benzodiazepines, when used in combination with opioids such as heroin, significantly increase the risk of overdose due to their synergistic depressant effects on the central nervous system.

Quiz 6: Varieties of Consciousness