Question 1

A majority of white female voters:
A) support the most progressive political party (Democrats) and candidates in presidential elections.
B) supported Hillary Clinton in 2016, a white female candidate committed strongly to women's rights.
C) voted against Hillary Clinton in 2016, a white female candidate whom they likely considered to be in a party too linked to voters of color.
D) All the above

Accepted Answer

The answer of A majority of white female voters:
A) support...

Question 2

Recently, the National Urban League issued a State of Black America report that summarized the general state of contemporary black America across several institutional areas. The economic area showed the most relative inequality for African Americans with respect to white Americans, with an economic index of _____ percent. (Equality with whites would be 100 percent.)
A) 22.7
B) 33.3
C) 40.1
D) 56.5
E) 63.6

Accepted Answer

The economic index of 56.5 percent indicates the relative economic inequality for African Americans compared to white Americans, with 100 percent representing equality.

Question 3

In recent decades, U.S. Census data have revealed the median family income of black families to be consistently in the range of ______ percent of the median family income of white families.
A) 33 to 42
B) 40 to 51
C) 55 to 62
D) 60 to 68
E) 69 to 81

Accepted Answer

The median family income of black families has been consistently in the range of 55 to 62 percent of the median family income of white families, according to U.S. Census data. This reflects the persistent income disparity between black and white families in the United States.

Question 4

Today, U.S. Census data have revealed the median family income of black families to be ______ percent of the median family income of white families.
A) 33.3
B) 40.1
C) 56.5
D) 60.7
E) 71.3

Accepted Answer

The median family income of black families is 60.7 percent of the median family income of white families according to recent U.S. Census data.

Question 5

Current Pew Research Center data based on the U.S. Census indicate that compared to white households, black households have ___________ median (adjusted) household income.
A) a much lower
B) about the same
C) a higher
D) a much higher

Accepted Answer

Current data from the Pew Research Center, based on U.S. Census information, shows that black households typically have a much lower median adjusted household income compared to white households.

Question 6

Examining data for the generation of Americans now entering retirement years, researchers have estimated that the average white baby-boom family will have earned _________ more than the average black baby-boom family over their respective lifetimes of work.
A) $250,000
B) $350,000
C) $450,000
D) $550,000
E) $650,000

Accepted Answer

The answer of Examining data for the generation of Americans...

Question 7

According to a 2016 Pew report, the median net worth of white households is many times greater than that of black households - with black households at only ______ and white households at ______.
A) $11,200; $144,200.
B) $12,300; $150,200.
C) $13,333; $160,200.
D) $14,400; $170,200.
E) $15,500; $180,200.

Accepted Answer

The 2016 Pew report found that the median net worth of white households was $144,200, while that of black households was significantly lower at $11,200, making choice A correct.

Question 8

A major reason why the median wealth of white families is much higher than that of black (and Latino) families is because of:
A) housing equities that a majority of whites have built up over generations of discrimination limiting black and Latino access to buying houses.
B) educational access that a majority of whites has had over generations of discrimination limiting black and Latino access to education.
C) employment access that a majority of whites has had over generations of discrimination limiting black and Latino to higher-paying jobs.
D) wealth in the form of interest-bearing bank accounts and stock in companies that whites have built up over generations of discrimination limiting black and Latino access to the same.

Accepted Answer

Generational wealth disparities are significantly influenced by housing equities, as discriminatory practices like redlining have historically limited black and Latino families' access to home ownership, a major source of wealth accumulation for white families.

Question 9

Sociologist Thomas Shapiro has called intergenerational racial inequality _______________.
A) noxious discrimination.
B) lethal disparity.
C) venomous prejudice.
D) mephitic dissimilarity.
E) toxic inequality.

Accepted Answer

Thomas Shapiro is known for coining the term "toxic inequality" to describe the persistent and pervasive nature of intergenerational racial inequality.

Question 10

In a 2017 national survey, _______ percent of white respondents agreed that past racial discrimination is a major factor in blacks' current lower average wealth level and _______ percent of black respondents felt that it is.
A) 29; 62
B) 37; 46
C) 50; 50
D) 60; 71
E) 73; 98

Accepted Answer

In a 2017 national survey, 29 percent of white respondents and 62 percent of black respondents agreed that past racial discrimination is a major factor in blacks' current lower average wealth level.

Question 11

Recently, the National Urban League issued a State of Black America report that summarized the general state of contemporary black America across several institutional areas, including:
A) growth over the previous decade in the overall societal position of black Americans relative to whites.
B) little decrease in black-white economic equality from 2007 to 2017.
C) thriving educational equality for blacks from 2007 to 2017.
D) All the above

Accepted Answer

The correct choice is B because the National Urban League's State of Black America report highlighted that there has been little decrease in black-white economic equality from 2007 to 2017, indicating persistent economic disparities between black and white Americans. Choices A and C suggest improvements in societal position and educational equality, which were not the main findings of the report.

Question 12

Recently, the National Urban League issued a State of Black America report that summarized the general state of contemporary black America across several institutional areas, including:
A) declining educational inequality between whites and blacks from 2007 to 2017.
B) declining racial inequality in regard to health issues due to improvements under the Affordable Care Act.
C) a significant decline between 2007 and 2017 on a composite social-criminal justice measure, due in part to an increase in imprisonment rates for black Americans.
D) All the above

Accepted Answer

The report found that there was a significant decline between 2007 and 2017 on a composite social-criminal justice measure, due in part to an increase in imprisonment rates for black Americans.

Question 13

Much of the economic advantage and prosperity of whites in earlier centuries came directly or indirectly from the country's economic development spurred by profits from:
A) slave farms.
B) slave plantations.
C) the slave trade.
D) All the above

Accepted Answer

The economic advantage and prosperity of whites in earlier centuries in many cases came from the country's economic development, which was significantly spurred by profits from slave farms, slave plantations, and the slave trade, making all the options correct.

Question 14

The scholar Thomas Craemer has calculated the hours worked by enslaved black men, women, and children from 1776 (the Declaration of Independence) to 1865 (the official end to slavery). He estimated that the cost of reparations for this largely uncompensated labor would be in the range of ________________.
A) $500 million to $1 billion.
B) $50 billion to $250,000 billion.
C) $350,000 billion to $500,000 billion.
D) $850,000 billion to $1 trillion.
E) $5.9 trillion to $14.2 trillion.

Accepted Answer

Thomas Craemer's calculations on the cost of reparations for the labor of enslaved black men, women, and children from 1776 to 1865 estimate it to be in the range of $5.9 trillion to $14.2 trillion.

Question 15

The scholar Thomas Craemer calculated a second compensation estimate for the hours worked by enslaved black men, women, and children from 1776 (the Declaration of Independence) to 1865 (the official end to slavery) for all 24 hours of the day to be _____.
A) $1 billion in current dollars.
B) $250,000 billion in current dollars
C) $500,000 billion in current dollars.
D) $1 trillion in current dollars.
E) $14.2 trillion in current dollars.

Accepted Answer

Thomas Craemer's calculations estimated the compensation for the hours worked by enslaved individuals from 1776 to 1865 to be $14.2 trillion in current dollars. This estimate takes into account the total hours worked by enslaved people, valuing all 24 hours of each day to reflect the constant state of enslavement.

Question 16

________________ was a major cause of persisting racial inequalities after the Civil War.
A) Inequality in agricultural land
B) Inequality in education
C) Inequality in the law
D) Inequality in employment

Accepted Answer

The answer of ________________ was a major cause of persisting...

Question 17

Researchers have estimated the costs of the labor market discrimination against black Americans from 1929 to 1969 (in 1983 dollars) at about ________.
A) $56.6 million.
B) $1.6 billion.
C) $15.6 billion
D) $1.6 trillion.
E) $12.6 trillion.

Accepted Answer

The correct estimate of the costs of labor market discrimination against black Americans from 1929 to 1969, when adjusted to 1983 dollars, is $1.6 trillion. This figure reflects the significant economic impact of discriminatory practices over this 40-year period.

Question 18

The Urban Institute has estimated that over some years, black workers lost more than ________ annually because of persisting employment discrimination.
A) $800 million
B) $33 billion
C) $120 billion
D) $1.3 trillion
E) $4.9 trillion

Accepted Answer

The Urban Institute estimated that black workers lost more than $120 billion annually due to persisting employment discrimination.

Question 19

A recent United Nations panel recommended wide-ranging U.S. black reparations for:
A) the legacy of colonial history.
B) enslavement.
C) racial subordination.
D) All the above

Accepted Answer

The United Nations panel recommended U.S. black reparations for all the listed reasons: the legacy of colonial history, enslavement, and racial subordination, reflecting a comprehensive approach to addressing historical injustices.

Question 20

A recent United Nations panel recommended wide-ranging U.S. black reparations for:
A) racial segregation.
B) racial terrorism.
C) racial inequality.
D) All the above

Accepted Answer

The United Nations panel recommended wide-ranging U.S. black reparations for racial segregation, racial terrorism, and racial inequality, encompassing all the issues listed.

Quiz 7: White Privileges and Black Burdens: Still Systemic Racism

A majority of white female voters:

In recent decades, U.S. Census data have revealed the median family income of black families to be consistently in the range of ______ percent of the median family income of white families.

Today, U.S. Census data have revealed the median family income of black families to be ______ percent of the median family income of white families.

Current Pew Research Center data based on the U.S. Census indicate that compared to white households, black households have ___________ median (adjusted) household income.

Examining data for the generation of Americans now entering retirement years, researchers have estimated that the average white baby-boom family will have earned _________ more than the average black baby-boom family over their respective lifetimes of work.

According to a 2016 Pew report, the median net worth of white households is many times greater than that of black households - with black households at only and white households at .

A major reason why the median wealth of white families is much higher than that of black (and Latino) families is because of:

Sociologist Thomas Shapiro has called intergenerational racial inequality _______________.

In a 2017 national survey, _ percent of white respondents agreed that past racial discrimination is a major factor in blacks' current lower average wealth level and _ percent of black respondents felt that it is.

Recently, the National Urban League issued a State of Black America report that summarized the general state of contemporary black America across several institutional areas, including:

Recently, the National Urban League issued a State of Black America report that summarized the general state of contemporary black America across several institutional areas, including:

Much of the economic advantage and prosperity of whites in earlier centuries came directly or indirectly from the country's economic development spurred by profits from:

The scholar Thomas Craemer calculated a second compensation estimate for the hours worked by enslaved black men, women, and children from 1776 (the Declaration of Independence) to 1865 (the official end to slavery) for all 24 hours of the day to be _____.

________________ was a major cause of persisting racial inequalities after the Civil War.

Researchers have estimated the costs of the labor market discrimination against black Americans from 1929 to 1969 (in 1983 dollars) at about ________.

The Urban Institute has estimated that over some years, black workers lost more than ________ annually because of persisting employment discrimination.

A recent United Nations panel recommended wide-ranging U.S. black reparations for:

A recent United Nations panel recommended wide-ranging U.S. black reparations for: