Question 1

The theory that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces was developed by:

Accepted Answer

The theory that history is a continuous clash between conflicting ideas and forces is the central idea of Marxism, developed by Karl Marx.

Question 2

Robert works on the assembly line at the local automobile factory and trades his labor for wages.Robert is a __________ because he does not own the factory.

Accepted Answer

The term "proletariat" refers to working-class people who sell their labor for wages and do not own the means of production (in this case, the automobile factory). Therefore, Robert's status as an assembly line worker who does not own the factory makes him a member of the proletariat.

Question 3

Sociologists refer to a theoretical framework as a(n) ___________-an overall approach to or viewpoint on some subject.

Accepted Answer

Sociologists use the term "perspective" to describe a theoretical framework, as it refers to the overall approach, viewpoint, or lens through which scholars analyze and understand social phenomena. While "theory" also has a specific meaning in sociology, it refers more to specific explanations or generalizations about the nature of social behavior, while "hypothesis" is a testable prediction derived from a theory or set of theories, and "experiment" involves testing these hypotheses through controlled and observable conditions.

Question 4

Chicago School sociologist __________ is credited with the founding of Hull House,one of the most famous settlement houses in an impoverished area of Chicago.

Accepted Answer

Jane Addams is credited with founding Hull House, which was established in 1889 and provided education and social support to immigrants and low-income residents of Chicago. Addams was a prominent figure in the settlement house movement, which aimed to address the social and economic challenges faced by urban communities.

Question 5

_________ is demonstrated by scorecards that allow lenders to score potential borrowers based on prior statistics of other people's performance in paying their bills.

Accepted Answer

Calculability is demonstrated by scorecards that allow lenders to score potential borrowers based on prior statistics of other people's performance in paying their bills. Calculability emphasizes quantifiable aspects of products and services, and in this case, lenders use mathematical algorithms to assess the creditworthiness of borrowers.

Question 6

According to the text,one reason why more people are not actively protesting our current economic plight may be their feeling of ____________-an individual's feeling of powerlessness and estrangement.

Accepted Answer

The text suggests that people may not be protesting due to their feeling of alienation, which is a sense of powerlessness and disconnection from society. The other options (class conflict, future shock, and the bourgeoisie syndrome) are not mentioned as reasons why people are not protesting.

Question 7

In the Marxian framework,the __________ comprise(s) those who own and control the means of production.

Accepted Answer

According to Marx, the bourgeoisie is the social class that owns and controls the means of production, such as factories, land, and capital. They are the ruling class in capitalist societies and exploit the working class (proletariat) for their own economic gain.

Question 8

W.E.B.Du Bois observed that a dual heritage creates conflict for people of color,i.e.,an identity conflict of being a black and an American.Du Bois referred to this duality as:

Accepted Answer

Du Bois referred to the conflict of being both black and American as "double-consciousness," a term he coined in his book "The Souls of Black Folk." This concept describes the psychological pressure and identity conflict experienced by black people in America who are forced to navigate between two worlds and two cultural identities. This dual heritage can create a sense of being "in two minds" or feeling like one's identity is divided, leading to a constant struggle to reconcile both parts of one's identity.

Question 9

The ___________ of credit cards means that if the cardholder is current on paying bills and the merchant accepts that kind of card,the cardholder will not be turned down on a purchase.

Accepted Answer

The predictability of credit cards refers to the likelihood of a cardholder being able to use their card for a purchase if they are current on payments and the merchant accepts that type of card.

Question 10

__________ is/are defined as a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe,explain,and (occasionally) predict social events.

Accepted Answer

A theory is a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and predict social events. Hypotheses are specific statements that can be tested to determine whether they are accurate or not, while hunches are simply a person's intuition or guess. Perspectives refer to a particular way of viewing the world, such as a feminist perspective or a symbolic interactionist perspective.

Question 11

Karl Marx coined the phrase the "fetishism of commodities" to describe the situation wherein:

Accepted Answer

Marx believed that in a capitalist society, the value of a commodity is determined by the amount of labor put into it. However, under capitalism, commodities are sold and exchanged for money, which can create a false sense that the value of the commodity comes from the money it is exchanged for rather than the amount of labor put into producing it. This is what Marx called the "fetishism of commodities," where workers fail to recognize that it is their labor that gives the commodity its value.

Question 12

The first department of sociology in the United States was established at __________,where the faculty was instrumental in starting the American Sociological Society (now known as the American Sociological Association).

Accepted Answer

The first department of sociology in the United States was established at the University of Chicago, where the faculty was instrumental in starting the American Sociological Society (now known as the American Sociological Association).

Question 13

From Marx's viewpoint,the __________ is composed of those who must sell their labor because they have no other means to earn a livelihood.

Accepted Answer

According to Marx's theory, the proletariat refers to the working-class individuals who do not own the means of production and must sell their labor in order to survive. They are seen as being in a disadvantaged position in relation to the bourgeoisie who own and control the means of production. Therefore, the correct option is (C) proletariat.

Question 14

This sociologist is described as the founding figure of the functionalist theoretical tradition.

Accepted Answer

Emile Durkheim is considered the founding figure of the functionalist theoretical tradition in sociology. He believed that society was like a living organism with different parts and functions that worked together to maintain stability and order. Durkheim's ideas had a major impact on the development of sociology as a discipline.

Question 15

According to Karl Marx's ideas,he believed that class conflict is necessary in order to produce social change and a better society.Specifically,which of the following social forces was most important to create social change?

Accepted Answer

According to Karl Marx's ideas, economic forces were the most important to create social change. He believed that the capitalist system created a divide between the working class and the bourgeoisie, and that this class conflict was necessary for the working class to overthrow the system and create a more equal society. Marx's theory of historical materialism also emphasized the importance of economic infrastructure in shaping social and political institutions.

Question 16

German social scientist __________ emphasized that sociology should be value-free,i.e.,research should be conducted in a scientific manner and should exclude the researcher's personal values and economic interests.

Accepted Answer

Max Weber emphasized the importance of value-free research in sociology. He coined the term "value-free" to indicate that research should be conducted objectively and without personal bias. Weber argued that researchers should strive for a "value-neutral" stance by separating their personal values from their research practices. This approach was essential to ensure that research results were not influenced by the researcher's own economic or political interests.

Question 17

Max Weber stressed that sociologists should employ __________ (understanding or insight) to gain the ability to see the world as others
See it.

Accepted Answer

Max Weber emphasized the importance of verstehen, or understanding/insight, as a method for sociologists to gain a subjective understanding of the meanings and motivations behind social actions and behaviors. This approach involves empathizing with a person's experiences and perspectives in order to better understand a particular social phenomenon.

Question 18

According to Max Weber,__________ is the process by which the modern world has come to be increasingly dominated by structures devoted to efficiency,calculability,predictability,and technological control.

Accepted Answer

Max Weber argued that rationalization is the process by which modern society has become increasingly dominated by structures devoted to efficiency, calculability, predictability, and technological control. This process has led to the rise of bureaucracy, the emphasis on scientific expertise, and the use of standardization and quantitative measures to manage social life. Industrialization and urbanization are related but distinct processes that have contributed to the growth of modern society, while social revolution is a more radical and transformative process that seeks to overthrow existing social structures.

Question 19

__________ is regarded as the founder of the symbolic interaction perspective.

Accepted Answer

George Herbert Mead is widely considered as the founding figure of symbolic interactionism. He developed his ideas through his work as a philosopher and pragmatist, and his influence was prominent in the Chicago School of sociology in the early 20th century. Mead's key contribution to the field was the idea that the self emerges from our interactions with others, and that our interpretation of symbols and meanings is integral to how we understand and navigate the social world.

Question 20

The __________ are the tools,land,factories,and money for investment that form the economic basis of a society.

Accepted Answer

Means of production refer to the resources needed to produce goods and services in an economy, including land, capital, and labor. This term is commonly used in socialist or Marxist economic theory to describe the ownership and control of these resources by a ruling class or group, and how this affects the distribution of wealth and power in society.

Quiz 1: The Sociological Perspective