Question 1

The education of __________ is of primary importance in the future if global inequality is to be reduced.

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that investing in the education of women has a significant impact on reducing global inequality. Women who are educated tend to have smaller families, better job opportunities, and are more likely to invest in their children's education. This creates a positive ripple effect on society and the economy. Therefore, the education of women is of primary importance in the future if global inequality is to be reduced.

Question 2

According to world systems theory,most low-income countries in Africa and South America are __________ nations that are dependent on other nations for capital,have little or no industrialization,and have uneven patterns of urbanization.

Accepted Answer

According to world systems theory, peripheral nations are those that are dependent on other nations for capital, have little or no industrialization, and have uneven patterns of urbanization. These characteristics are typically present in low-income countries in Africa and South America. Core nations, on the other hand, are highly industrialized and have significant economic power, while semiperipheral nations have characteristics of both core and peripheral nations. Tertiary nations refer to those that are primarily service-based economies, which do not fit the characteristics of the low-income countries in Africa and South America.

Question 3

According to the ___________ theory,commodity production is being split into fragments that can be assigned to whichever part of the world can provide the most profitable combination of capital and labor.

Accepted Answer

The concept of the "new international division of labor" suggests that commodity production is now broken down into smaller segments, each of which is then outsourced to the part of the world where it is cheapest and most profitable to produce. This idea is often associated with globalization and the rise of multinational corporations.

Question 4

The number of hours that people work at their jobs each week is
One measure of the extent to which individuals subscribe to the work ethic,which is a core value widely believed to be of great significance in the __________ process.

Accepted Answer

Modernization refers to the process of societal change where traditional ways of life are replaced by industrialization and technological innovation. As such, the work ethic is seen as an important value in this process, as it emphasizes the importance of hard work and productivity as a means of achieving success and progress. The number of hours worked each week is a reflection of how much individuals value these ideals of modernization and progress.

Question 5

Low-income countries are primarily hunting and gathering nations with
some industrialization and moderate levels of national and personal
income.

Accepted Answer

Low-income countries are typically characterized by low levels of industrialization and national/personal income. Hunting and gathering as a primary means of subsistence is more commonly associated with traditional/indigenous societies, rather than low-income countries as a whole.

Question 6

Global stratification refers to the unequal distribution of wealth,power,and prestige on a global basis,resulting in people having vastly different lifestyles and life chances both within and among the nations of the world.

Accepted Answer

Global stratification refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global basis, leading to significant differences in lifestyle and opportunities between and within countries.

Question 7

Industries that produce automobiles,computers,and other capital- and technology-intensive products are typically __________ chains.

Accepted Answer

Industries that produce automobiles, computers and other capital- and technology-intensive products are typically producer-driven commodity chains. This is because the production of these products requires a high level of coordination and control over the entire production process, from design and engineering to sourcing of raw materials and manufacturing. The companies involved in these industries tend to be large and well-established, with considerable resources and capabilities to invest in research and development, marketing, and distribution. As a result, they have a significant amount of power and influence over the entire commodity chain, enabling them to set standards and control prices.

Question 8

__________ is based on a market-oriented perspective that assumes
That "pure" capitalism is good and that the best economic outcomes occur
When governments follow the policy of laissez-faire (hands-off) business,
Giving capitalists the opportunity to make the "best" economic decisions.

Accepted Answer

This description aligns with the principles of modernization theory, which emphasizes the importance of economic growth and technological advancement in achieving development. It assumes that free-market capitalism is the most effective way to generate wealth and that government intervention can hinder this process.

Question 9

According to Walt Rostow,economic advisor to U.S.President Kennedy,all countries go through four stages of economic development.The second stage is the __________ stage,which is a period of economic growth accompanied by a growing belief in individualism,competition,and achievement.

Accepted Answer

The second stage described by Walt Rostow is the take-off stage, which is characterized by economic growth and a shift towards individualism, competition, and achievement. The other options listed do not fit this description.

Question 10

The __________ states that global poverty can at least partially be attributed to the fact that the low-income countries have been exploited by the high-income countries.

Accepted Answer

The theory that states that global poverty can at least partially be attributed to the fact that the low-income countries have been exploited by the high-income countries is the dependency theory. This theory suggests that the wealthier countries exploit the poorer countries to maintain their own economic growth and development. The other answer choices (A, C, and D) are different theories that explain global inequality in different ways.

Question 11

In the future,continued population growth,urbanization,environmental degradation,and violent conflict threaten even the meager living conditions of those residing in __________ nations.

Accepted Answer

Low-income economies, also known as "developing nations," are typically characterized by high population growth rates, widespread poverty, inadequate infrastructure, and limited access to resources such as clean water and sanitation facilities. These conditions make low-income countries particularly vulnerable to the negative impacts of urbanization, environmental degradation, and violent conflict. As population growth and resource depletion continue to strain these nations' already-overburdened social and economic systems, the outlook for those residing in these regions is grim.

Question 12

Based on the new international division of labor theory,__________ chains is the term used to describe industries in which transnational corporations play a central part in controlling the production process.

Accepted Answer

The new international division of labor theory refers to the shift of production from developed countries to developing countries, where labor is cheaper. In these industries, transnational corporations play a central role in controlling the production process. In producer-driven commodity chains, these multinational corporations control the entire design, production, and marketing of goods, and lead the entire chain. Examples include the automotive and electronic industries.

Question 13

The __________ was introduced by the United Nations to help identify overlapping deprivations that are suffered by households in health,education,and living standards.These three dimensions are subdivided into ten indicators.

Accepted Answer

The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) was introduced by the United Nations to help identify overlapping deprivations that are suffered by households in health, education, and living standards. These three dimensions are further subdivided into ten indicators. The MPI is considered to be a better measure of poverty than just relying on income or economic indicators.

Question 14

The gap between some richer and middle- or lower-income nations has __________ for life expectancy,adult literacy,and daily calorie supply.

Accepted Answer

According to the text, the gap between richer and middle- or lower-income nations has narrowed significantly for life expectancy, adult literacy, and daily calorie supply.

Question 15

According to the new international division of labor theory,"__________" is the term used to refer to industries in which large retailers,brand-name merchandisers,and trading companies set up decentralized production networks in various middle- and low-income countries.

Accepted Answer

The term used to refer to industries in which large retailers, brand-name merchandisers, and trading companies set up decentralized production networks in various middle- and low-income countries is buyer-driven commodity chains, as per the new international division of labor theory. This refers to a situation where the power lies with buyers rather than producers, and they set standards and specifications for the final product.

Question 16

Walt Rostow,economic advisor to U.S.President Kennedy,suggested that all countries go through four stages of economic development.In the third stage,referred to as the __________,the country will reinvest in new industries and embrace the beliefs,values,and social institutions of the high-income,developed nations.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Walt Rostow,economic advisor to U.S.President Kennedy,suggested that...

Question 17

Walt Rostow,economic advisor to U.S.President Kennedy,suggested that all countries go through four stages of economic development.The first stage is the __________,in which very little social change takes place,and people do not think much about changing their current circumstances.

Accepted Answer

The traditional stage is characterized by a lack of social change and a lack of desire to change current circumstances. This stage marks the beginning of economic development according to Rostow's theory.

Question 18

The _________ theory suggests that what exists under capitalism is a truly global system,held together by economic ties.

Accepted Answer

The world systems theory proposes that capitalism is a global system interconnected through economic links. This theory emphasizes the integrated nature of the global economy, whereby there is a core, semi-periphery, and periphery.

Question 19

Transnational corporations have built maquiladora plants so that goods can be assembled by low-wage workers and then brought into the United States to keep production costs down.These maquiladora plants are located in what country?

Accepted Answer

Maquiladora plants are usually located in Mexico, as it is geographically close to the United States and has favorable trade agreements such as NAFTA.

Question 20

The most widely known development theory is __________,which is a perspective that links global inequality to different levels of economic development and suggests that low-income economies can move to middle- and high-income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth.

Accepted Answer

The most widely known development theory that links global inequality to different levels of economic development and suggests that low-income economies can move to middle- and high-income economies by achieving self-sustained economic growth is modernization theory. Dependency theory argues that wealthy nations exploit poor nations, world systems theory emphasizes the role of a global economic system, and the new international division of labor theory focuses on the division of labor between developed and less developed countries.

Quiz 9: Global Stratification