Question 1

"For a movement to develop,there must be a clear statement of the problem and a shared view of its cause,effects,and possible solution." This illustrates sociologist Neal Smelser's value-added theory condition of:

Accepted Answer

The answer of "For a movement to develop,there must be...

Question 2

__________ theory looks at a diverse array of collective actions and the manner in which those actions are based in politics,ideology,and culture.It also incorporates factors of identity,including race,class,gender,and sexuality as sources of collective action and social movements.

Accepted Answer

The description fits the characteristics of New social movement theory, which emphasizes the role of culture, identity, and collective action in social movements. It acknowledges that social movements are not solely based on economic or material factors but are also influenced by factors such as ideology, politics, and identity. Additionally, it recognizes the significance of identity categories such as race, class, gender, and sexuality as sources of collective action and social movements. Other options like Resource mobilization theory and Relative deprivation theory focus more on material factors such as resources and grievances. Social constructionist theory emphasizes the role of language in shaping our understanding of social reality.

Question 3

Sociologists have identified ways in which grievances are framed.__________ framing pinpoints possible solutions or remedies,based on the target previously identified.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Sociologists have identified ways in which grievances...

Question 4

"To reinforce the existing generalized belief,an inciting incident or dramatic event must occur." This exemplifies sociologist Neal Smelser's value-added theory condition of:

Accepted Answer

The statement refers to a "precipitating event," which is a key concept in Smelser's value-added theory. The theory holds that social movements often require certain conditions to be met, including a generalized belief, a structural conduciveness, and a precipitating event that triggers action.

Question 5

Sociologists have identified ways in which grievances are framed.__________ framing identifies a problem and attributes blame or causality to some group or entity so that the social movement has a target for its actions.

Accepted Answer

Diagnostic framing identifies the problem and the cause or blame for it, providing a target for the social movement's actions. Prognostic framing offers a solution or plan of action, motivational framing inspires and energizes potential supporters, and mechanized framing emphasizes the organization and logistics necessary for a successful movement.

Question 6

Distinct frame alignment processes occur in social movements.__________ is the process by which movement organizations reach individuals who already share the same world view as the organization.

Accepted Answer

Frame bridging is the process of reaching individuals who already share the same world view as the organization. Frame amplification is the process of making an issue more salient or emphasizing its importance. Frame transformation is the process of changing the way people think about an issue, while frame extension is the process of expanding the scope of an existing frame to include new issues.

Question 7

__________ theory focuses on the ability of members of a social movement to acquire resources and mobilize people in order to advance their cause.

Accepted Answer

Resource mobilization theory emphasizes the importance of resources such as money, labor, and media coverage in the success of a social movement. This theory focuses on the ability of the movement's leaders to effectively mobilize these resources and create a sustainable strategy for achieving their goals.

Question 8

"When a society or community is unable to meet people's expectations that something should be done about a problem,tension occurs in the system." This exemplifies sociologist Neal Smelser's value-added theory condition of:

Accepted Answer

The statement reflects Smelser's concept of structural strain, which occurs when there is a mismatch between societal goals and the means to achieve them, leading to tension and potential social change. It does not pertain to the other options.

Question 9

As __________ suggested,when a change in the material culture occurs
In society,a period of cultural lag follows in which the nonmaterial
(ideological) culture has not caught up with material development.

Accepted Answer

William Ogburn proposed the concept of cultural lag, which is the delay in the adjustment of cultural patterns to new material conditions. He suggested that changes in material culture, such as technology or economic systems, occur at a faster pace than nonmaterial culture, such as beliefs, values, and norms, which leads to a period of cultural lag.

Question 10

People contribute to changes in the Earth's physical condition.Through
Soil erosion and other degradation of grazing land,often at the hands of
People,an estimated __________ tons of topsoil is lost annually.

Accepted Answer

According to the given information in the question, an estimated amount of topsoil lost annually is in billions, so the only option that provides a possible answer in billions is D, which states "25 billion." Therefore, D is the best choice.

Question 11

A number of factors contribute to ___________,including social movements,population trends,technological development,and social institutions.

Accepted Answer

The sentence is describing the various factors that contribute to social change, therefore the best choice is D, social change. The other choices (ecological changes, social disruption, social movements) may be related, but they do not fully capture the range of factors mentioned in the sentence.

Question 12

Based on an analysis of U.S.social protest groups (ranging from labor unions to peace movements) between 1800 to 1945,one study concluded that __________ strongly influence its chances of success.

Accepted Answer

The study concluded that the organization and tactics of a social protest movement strongly influence its chances of success, indicating that a well-organized and strategic approach is crucial for achieving desired outcomes. The availability of resources, presence of charismatic leaders, and extent of communal bonding may also contribute to success, but the study emphasized the importance of effective organization and tactics.

Question 13

Sociologists have identified ways in which grievances are framed.__________ framing provides a vocabulary of motives that compel people to take action.

Accepted Answer

Motivational framing provides a vocabulary of motives that compel people to take action, such as the desire for justice, freedom, or equality. Prognostic framing offers a vision of the future and potential solutions, while diagnostic framing identifies the problem and its causes. Mechanized framing emphasizes the technical aspects and solutions of an issue.

Question 14

__________ theory is based on the assumption that a social movement is an interactive,symbolically defined,and negotiated process that involves participants,opponents,and bystanders.

Accepted Answer

The social constructionist theory emphasizes the role of symbols and meanings in shaping social movements. It asserts that social movements are shaped by the interactions and negotiations between participants, opponents, and bystanders who construct and interpret the movement's message and goals. This theory focuses on how collective identities are formed and how meanings are contested in the mobilization process.

Question 15

Ecofeminism emerged in the late 1970s and early 1980s out of the feminist,peace,and ecology movements.It is based on the belief that __________ is a root cause of environmental problems.

Accepted Answer

Ecofeminism emphasizes the connection between the oppression of women and the exploitation of nature, and identifies patriarchy as a root cause of environmental problems.

Question 16

"At this stage,leaders emerge to organize others and give them a sense of direction." This represents sociologist Neal Smelser's value-added theory condition of:

Accepted Answer

Smelser's value-added theory identifies mobilization for action as a condition in which leaders emerge to organize others and provide them with direction towards achieving their goals. This condition refers to the stage in which collective behavior turns into social movement.

Question 17

__________ is the linking together of interpretive orientations of individuals and social movement organizations so that there is congruence between individuals' interests,beliefs,and values and the movement's ideologies,goals,and activities.

Accepted Answer

Frame alignment refers to the process of linking together the interpretive orientations of individuals and social movement organizations to achieve congruence between the two. This involves aligning individuals' interests, beliefs, and values with the movement's ideologies, goals, and activities. Frame placement and frame coordination are not widely used terms in the social movement literature, and frame congruence is not a commonly used term to describe this process. Therefore, the best choice is frame alignment.

Question 18

Some natural disasters are exacerbated by human decisions.A human-made disaster results in part from decisions relating to planning and budgetary priorities,and the importance of emergency preparedness.__________ refers to a framework of systems,such as transportation and utilities,that makes it possible to have specific land uses and a built environment that support people's daily activities.

Accepted Answer

The term that refers to a framework of systems such as transportation and utilities is infrastructure. It is important in disaster preparedness and can be a factor in exacerbating natural disasters. Choices A and B are not directly related to the concept of infrastructure, while choice C refers to a broader term that encompasses social, economic, and political systems.

Question 19

__________ is the belief that a disproportionate number of hazardous
Facilities (including industries such as waste disposal/treatment and
Chemical plants) are placed in low-income areas populated primarily by
People of color.

Accepted Answer

Environmental racism is the belief that hazardous facilities are placed in low-income areas populated primarily by people of color. Environmental justice refers to fair treatment of all people, regardless of race or income, in regards to environmental policies and practices. Environmental displacement refers to the forced relocation of individuals or communities due to environmental hazards or development. Environmental inequality refers to disparities in environmental risks and benefits experienced by different groups of people.

Question 20

The __________ reflects the influence of sociologist Erving Goffman's "Frame Analysis," in which he suggests that our interpretation of the particulars of events and activities is dependent on the framework from which we perceive them.

Accepted Answer

The concept of framing is a key part of social constructionist theory, which emphasizes the role of language, categories, and symbols in shaping our perception of reality. Goffman's frame analysis specifically focuses on how we understand and interpret events and activities based on our underlying assumptions and cultural contexts. The other choices (value-added theory, relative deprivation theory, and resource mobilization) do not specifically address the role of framing in shaping perception.

Quiz 20: Collective Behavior,Social Movements,and Social Change