Question 1

Quesha recently started college, and her freshman orientation includes information on date rape and personal safety. Quesha realizes that she has few, if any, self-defense skills, so if she were attacked she would have no way to fight back. Determined to become more competent, she joins a martial arts club at her university. According to Adler, Quesha is

Accepted Answer

Adler's theory suggests that individuals are motivated to overcome feelings of inferiority and strive for superiority or competence. Quesha's decision to join a martial arts club reflects her desire to replace her feelings of vulnerability with a sense of empowerment and competence.

Question 2

According to Freud, girls experience

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to Freud, girls experience
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Question 3

Adler believed that birth order

Accepted Answer

Adler believed that birth order was important to personality development. He believed that a child's place in the birth order can shape their personality traits and behaviors as they grow up. He also argued that each birth order position has its unique advantages and disadvantages that can affect a child's development.

Question 4

Which of the following is the most serious criticism of those who believe strongly in Freud's ideas of human development?

Accepted Answer

The most serious criticism of those who strongly believe in Freud's ideas of human development is that they refuse to accept any research results that challenge or call for serious changes to Freud's theory. This indicates a lack of openness to new ideas and evidence, which is important in scientific research. This criticism also implies that Freudian researchers may be biased and unwilling to revise their theories, which can hinder scientific progress.

Question 5

According to Horney, women might envy the penis but what they really want is

Accepted Answer

Horney argued that what women truly envy is not the physical organ itself, but the social power and status that men typically have in a patriarchal society.

Question 6

Lionel works with a bomb disposal unit and does not worry about his safety. Which defense mechanism does he engage in at work?

Accepted Answer

Lionel's engagement in denial defense mechanism enables him to avoid acknowledging the threat to his safety, which helps him perform his job efficiently.

Question 7

George's cubicle at work is spotless. Everything on his desk is arranged according to a specific purpose. He gets very agitated if something is moved or rearranged. Freud might argue that George is fixated at the ________ stage.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the anal stage occurs during ages 1-3 years and focuses on toilet training. Fixation at this stage can lead to an anal-retentive personality, characterized by excessive orderliness, cleanliness, and attention to detail. George's behavior of keeping everything on his desk in a specific order and becoming agitated when something is moved or rearranged is consistent with anal-retentive traits, indicating fixation at the anal stage.

Question 8

Emotionally laden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people are

Accepted Answer

Emotionally laden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people are called archetypes. This concept was introduced by Carl Jung and is considered as a universal psychological phenomenon that reflects the collective unconscious of humanity.

Question 9

Belinda is in counseling and feels that she is on the brink of bursting through her psychological cocoon and becoming a butterfly. Belinda's therapist agrees with Belinda and feels strongly that Belinda has the innate ability to cope with stress and to control her life. Belinda's therapist is most likely a

Accepted Answer

Belinda's therapist's belief in her ability to cope with stress and control her life aligns with the central tenets of humanistic psychology, which emphasizes the human capacity for growth, self-awareness, and self-actualization. Behaviorism emphasizes the importance of observable behavior and reinforcement, psychoanalysis focuses on uncovering unconscious conflicts and desires, and trait theory examines stable personality characteristics.

Question 10

According to Alfred Adler, people are primarily motivated by

Accepted Answer

Alfred Adler believed that people are primarily motivated by their desire to overcome perceived shortcomings. He called this the "striving for superiority" and believed that it was the driving force behind human behavior. People are driven by a need to improve themselves and move towards a goal of perfection or completion. This is in contrast to Sigmund Freud's belief that people are motivated by unconscious sexual and aggressive instincts.

Question 11

With regard to the question of whether personality is innate or learned, which of the following personality theory orientations places the most emphasis on biology?

Accepted Answer

The psychodynamic theory orientation places the most emphasis on biology, specifically on the role of unconscious drives and instincts in shaping personality. This perspective suggests that personality is largely determined by biological factors that are present at birth and that cannot be changed through learning or experience.

Question 12

Jamar is four foot eight inches tall and drives a very large car. How would Adler explain Jamar's choice in cars?

Accepted Answer

Adler's theory of compensation suggests that individuals may choose to pursue achievements or possessions that compensate for a perceived inferiority or weakness in other areas. Jamar's choice to drive a very large car may be seen as a form of compensation for his relatively small stature.

Question 13

Adler focused on ________ psychology.

Accepted Answer

Adler's psychology focuses on the individual's unique experiences, views, and perceptions. He believed that each person has a unique drive towards personal growth and development, and that this drive is shaped by their past experiences and current circumstances. Adler's emphasis on the individual's subjective experiences distinguishes his psychology from social psychology, which focuses more on how individuals are influenced by social factors, and behavioral psychology, which emphasizes observable behaviors over inner experiences. Additionally, Adler's focus on the individual is distinct from humanistic psychology, which tends to place more emphasis on universal human experiences and qualities.

Question 14

According to Jung, the deepest, impersonal layer of the conscious mind that is shared by all humans is called the

Accepted Answer

The term used by Jung for the deepest, impersonal layer of the conscious mind that is shared by all humans is called the collective unconscious. It is believed to contain archetypes or universal symbols and themes that are present across cultures and generations. The other options such as archetype, id, and normative unconscious are related to other psychological concepts but do not specifically refer to the collective unconscious.

Question 15

Brittney is a counselor who believes that her clients have the innate ability to make good choices. She accepts each individual as they are and as a person in the process of change. It is important to her that her clients learn to evaluate themselves and not depend on the opinion of others. Brittney is practicing

Accepted Answer

Brittney's belief in her clients' innate ability to make good choices and her emphasis on self-evaluation and independence from external opinions suggests that she is practicing humanistic counseling. This approach emphasizes individual growth and self-actualization, rather than focusing on pathology or external factors.

Question 16

At home Carrie is moody, self-centered and bossy. At social events, Carrie is the life of the party. She is funny, happy, and demonstrates social graces that none of her family ever see at home. What is Jung's explanation of Carrie's behavior?

Accepted Answer

Jungian theory suggests that individuals have a persona, or a social mask that they wear in different situations to present themselves in a certain way. It is likely that Carrie is adopting her persona at parties to fit in and present herself as the life of the party, while at home she feels comfortable enough to let her guard down and show her true self, which may be moody, self-centered, and bossy.

Question 17

What approach to personality assumes that human nature is basically good?

Accepted Answer

The humanistic approach to personality emphasizes the potential for human growth and self-actualization, and assumes that human nature is essentially good. Personology is not a recognized approach to personality, and while social cognitive theory acknowledges the role of cognitive processes in shaping personality, it does not necessarily assume that human nature is inherently positive.

Question 18

When Peter is not biting his nails, he is chewing on a pencil. Freud would argue that Peter is fixated at the ________ stage.

Accepted Answer

According to Freud's theory of psychosexual development, the oral stage occurs from birth to 18 months and is focused on oral gratification (such as sucking and biting). Peter's behavior of biting his nails and chewing on a pencil both involve oral stimulation, indicating fixation at the oral stage.

Question 19

If you had to write a research paper on ego defense mechanisms, which of the following would be the most appropriate summary position?

Accepted Answer

The use of ego defense mechanisms can be beneficial to psychological health. While they may not necessarily solve the underlying issue, they can provide a temporary relief from anxiety and enable the individual to cope better with the situation.

Question 20

According to Jung, the collective unconscious is expressed through

Accepted Answer

According to Jung, the collective unconscious is expressed through archetypes. Archetypes are universally present patterns or images that are part of the collective unconscious, and they appear in dreams, myths, and cultural symbols.

Quiz 12: Personality