Question 1

Studies of color preferences showed that women across countries tend to choose and like reddish colors while men have a preference for greenish-blue colors. How could you explain this from the evolutionary standpoint?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Studies of color preferences showed that women...

Question 2

What are the main psychological (cognitive) symptom of visionary trance? Describe them.

Accepted Answer

The answer of What are the main psychological (cognitive) symptom...

Question 3

Certain perceptual mechanisms are probably pre-wired in individuals since birth. Give examples and arguments from the chapter.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Certain perceptual mechanisms are probably pre-wired in...

Question 4

Studies suggest that individuals from hunter and gatherer cultures have _______ rates of color blindness than/as individuals from agricultural cultures.
A) lower
B) the same
C) higher
D) significantly higher
E) highly unusual

Accepted Answer

Studies have shown that individuals from hunter and gatherer cultures have lower rates of color blindness, likely due to the importance of color recognition in activities such as hunting and gathering.

Question 5

_________ is a quiet and relaxed state of tranquility in which a person achieves an integration of emotions, attitudes, and thoughts.
A) Hypnosis
B) Aesthetic experience
C) Trance
D) Meditation
E) Sleep

Accepted Answer

The description fits the definition of meditation, which involves focusing one's mind on a particular object or thought to achieve a state of calmness and mental clarity. Hypnosis and trance involve a state of altered consciousness that can be induced by someone else, while aesthetic experience is a subjective response to beauty or art. Sleep involves a loss of consciousness and is a natural state of rest for the body and mind, rather than a deliberate practice.

Question 6

The organization of sensations in three dimensions, even though the image on the eye's retina is two-dimensional, is referred to as __________________.
A) depth perception
B) difference threshold
C) sensory adaptation
D) revealing experience
E) sensory threshold

Accepted Answer

Depth perception refers to the ability to perceive the relative distance between objects in three dimensions, despite the two-dimensional image on the retina. It involves using cues such as binocular disparity, monocular cues (like relative size, interposition, and texture gradient), and motion parallax to perceive depth. Choice B, difference threshold, refers to the smallest detectable difference between two stimuli, while sensory adaptation (choice C) refers to the decrease in sensitivity to a constant stimulus over time. Revealing experience (choice D) and sensory threshold (choice E) are not relevant to the organization of sensations in three dimensions.

Question 7

The _________ suggests that while an ethnic group may excel in a particular sensory task, they may be less adept in others. Yet, in sum, sensory and other cognitive skills are evenly balanced across ethnic groups.
A) inequality hypothesis
B) power hypothesis
C) compensation hypothesis
D) justice hypothesis
E) consciousness hypothesis

Accepted Answer

The compensation hypothesis suggests that individuals from different ethnic groups may have particular strengths in certain areas, but these strengths may come at the expense of other cognitive abilities. However, overall cognitive abilities are evenly distributed across ethnic groups.

Question 8

There is evidence that scanning patterns (scanning a picture or text, for example) are subject to cultural variations. These variations are most closely linked with _______________.
A) perception of time
B) religion
C) access to water
D) access to sand
E) reading habits

Accepted Answer

The question is discussing scanning patterns, which is related to reading habits. Therefore, the correct answer is E. Culture plays a significant role in shaping reading habits, and these habits can influence the way people scan images and text. For example, some cultures may prioritize reading from left to right or top to bottom, which could impact how they scan visual information.

Question 9

Numerous experiments have demonstrated that people generally have more difficulty judging pictures of faces of other ethnic groups compared to faces of their own group.

Accepted Answer

This phenomenon is known as the cross-race effect or the own-race bias, and has been well-documented in psychology research.

Question 10

Research suggests that residents of large metropolitan cities, in general, tend to be more susceptible to near-death and other out of body experiences.

Accepted Answer

Research does not specifically suggest that residents of large metropolitan cities are more susceptible to near-death and other out-of-body experiences. Susceptibility to these experiences is more closely related to individual physiological and psychological factors rather than geographic or demographic factors.

Question 11

The compensation hypothesis, involving sensory differences between African and European cultures, has not been supported by compelling empirical data.

Accepted Answer

The statement is saying that there is no strong evidence to support the compensation hypothesis, which suggests that differences in sensory perceptions between African and European cultures result in compensatory adaptations in other sensory modalities.

Question 12

The text distinguishes between two types of trances: one is visionary and the other is: _____________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The text distinguishes between two types of...

Question 13

Why do most Americans draw circles in a counter-clockwise direction?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Why do most Americans draw circles in...

Quiz 4: Cognition: Sensation, Perception, and States of Consciousness

Studies of color preferences showed that women across countries tend to choose and like reddish colors while men have a preference for greenish-blue colors. How could you explain this from the evolutionary standpoint?

What are the main psychological (cognitive) symptom of visionary trance? Describe them.

Certain perceptual mechanisms are probably pre-wired in individuals since birth. Give examples and arguments from the chapter.

Studies suggest that individuals from hunter and gatherer cultures have _______ rates of color blindness than/as individuals from agricultural cultures.

_________ is a quiet and relaxed state of tranquility in which a person achieves an integration of emotions, attitudes, and thoughts.

The organization of sensations in three dimensions, even though the image on the eye's retina is two-dimensional, is referred to as __________________.

The _________ suggests that while an ethnic group may excel in a particular sensory task, they may be less adept in others. Yet, in sum, sensory and other cognitive skills are evenly balanced across ethnic groups.

There is evidence that scanning patterns (scanning a picture or text, for example) are subject to cultural variations. These variations are most closely linked with _______________.

Numerous experiments have demonstrated that people generally have more difficulty judging pictures of faces of other ethnic groups compared to faces of their own group.

Research suggests that residents of large metropolitan cities, in general, tend to be more susceptible to near-death and other out of body experiences.

The compensation hypothesis, involving sensory differences between African and European cultures, has not been supported by compelling empirical data.

The text distinguishes between two types of trances: one is visionary and the other is: _____________.

Why do most Americans draw circles in a counter-clockwise direction?