Question 1

A computer that plays chess exactly as grandmasters do would be an example of:

Accepted Answer

The answer of A computer that plays chess exactly as...

Question 2

Although early computers were called "electronic brains," computers really think with their:

Accepted Answer

Computers do not actually think like humans, but rather they execute instructions programmed by humans using software or programs. The circuitry and core memories are components within the computer that help it process and store data, but they do not directly contribute to the thinking process. Terminal emulators are software programs that allow a computer to communicate with another computer or network device.

Question 3

As opposed to artificial intelligence, the goal of computer simulation is to:

Accepted Answer

The answer of As opposed to artificial intelligence, the goal...

Question 4

Pure artificial intelligence (AI) seeks to __________. A good example of pure AI today is _________ programs.

Accepted Answer

Pure AI seeks to imitate human behavior. A good example of pure AI today is chess playing programs.

Question 5

Findings from artificial intelligence suggest that computers can:

Accepted Answer

Artificial intelligence excels in tasks that are difficult for humans, such as complex calculations, recognizing patterns in large datasets, or playing chess. However, it struggles with tasks that are easy for people, such as understanding natural language, recognizing faces, or common sense reasoning. Therefore, option C is the best choice.

Question 6

Donald Broadbent (1958) proposed a mechanical model of attention and short term memory using balls dropped into a Y-shaped tube. He argued that psychologists should think of input from the senses not as physical stimuli but as________.

Accepted Answer

Broadbent proposed that input from the senses should be thought of as information, rather than physical stimuli or habits.

Question 7

In the 1960s, psychologists were influenced by work in artificial intelligence. As a consequence, they started to cast their theories in terms of:

Accepted Answer

Psychologists in the 1960s were influenced by work in artificial intelligence, which led to a focus on information processing in their theories. They began to view the mind as a system that processed information much like a computer program, which is reflected in their emphasis on cognitive processes such as attention, memory, and problem-solving.

Question 8

Newell, Shaw, and Simon's "Elements of a Theory of Problem Solving," appeared in 1958 and claimed that their computer program solved problems and it also _______________.

Accepted Answer

Newell, Shaw, and Simon's work in 1958 on problem solving with their computer program was groundbreaking because they claimed it solved problems in the same way humans did, emphasizing the similarity in processes between computers and human cognition.

Question 9

According to information processing psychologists, introspection:

Accepted Answer

According to information processing psychologists, introspection is not considered a reliable method for understanding cognitive processes as it relies on subjective self-reporting, which may not accurately reflect mental processes. Therefore, choice C is the best answer.

Question 10

Which of the following forms of behaviorism merged most easily with information processing psychology?

Accepted Answer

Mediational behaviorism emphasized the importance of cognitive processes such as attention, perception, and memory in shaping behavior. This focus on internal mental processes made it easier to integrate with the information processing approach, which also emphasized the role of mental processes in cognitive functioning. Radical behaviorism, in contrast, rejected the study of internal mental processes and focused solely on observable behavior. Neurophysiological behaviorism focused on the neural underpinnings of behavior, and mentalistic behaviorism, as the name suggests, emphasized the importance of mental states and subjective experiences in shaping behavior.

Question 11

According to cognitive science, computers and people are alike in that both:

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to cognitive science, computers and people...

Question 12

According to the cognitive theory of mind called functionalism, the mind is:

Accepted Answer

Functionalism posits that the mind is not a distinct entity from the brain, but rather it is the program or process that the brain carries out. This aligns with choice C, which states that the mind is what the brain does.

Question 13

If you conclude that your mind is running a computational program that runs your body similar to a computer program controlling a computer you are most likely a?

Accepted Answer

The idea that the mind is running a computational program is a key belief of functionalism, which holds that the mind is best understood as a system that processes information and produces output (e.g. behavior). Behaviorism would not likely support the idea of a computational program, as it focuses on observable behavior rather than mental processes. S-R mediationalists and New Look members also have different theoretical perspectives that would not align with the idea of a computational program running the mind.

Question 14

The New Functionalism views cognitive psychologists like computer programmers. However, they dare not fool with the machine's wiring so they attempt to understand its program by?

Accepted Answer

The New Functionalism approach involves understanding the program of the mind, rather than the physical hardware of the brain. This is done by experimenting with input-output functions, which essentially means examining how the mind processes information and produces responses.

Question 15

The concept of the homunculus refers to the idea that:

Accepted Answer

The concept of the homunculus suggests that there is a small, fully-formed being (often depicted as a little man) inside a person's body that controls their behavior. This idea has been largely discredited by modern neuroscience and psychology, as it fails to account for the complex interactions and processes that underlie behavior.

Question 16

Using the ideas put forth by Daniel Dennett, imagine you put your money in a soda machine and it doesn't give you your soda. Which of the following best represents your adopting an intentional stance toward the soda machine?

Accepted Answer

Adopting an intentional stance toward the soda machine means attributing intentionality, beliefs, desires, and rationality to the machine as if it were an agent capable of making decisions. Daniel Dennett, an American philosopher and cognitive scientist, describes the intentional stance as one of the three strategies (alongside the physical stance and the design stance) that people use to predict and explain the behavior of objects or systems.
Given the options:
a. "The cans must be jammed inside; maybe if I shake it one will come loose."
b. "Maybe it's out of everything."
c. "This machine has decided to steal my money."
d. "I personally hate this machine and I choose never to use it again."
Option c, "This machine has decided to steal my money," best represents adopting an intentional stance toward the soda machine. This is because it attributes a deliberate decision-making process to the machine, as if it had the intention to keep the money without dispensing the soda. Although this is not a rational way to interpret the behavior of a non-sentient machine, it fits the description of applying the intentional stance as defined by Dennett. Options a and b are more aligned with the design stance (considering the machine's function and possible malfunctions) and option d reflects a personal emotional reaction rather than attributing intentionality to the machine.

Question 17

Sally tells her professor, "My term paper will be late, my computer decided to delete it last night and then punish me by refusing to reboot." Daniel Dennett would argue that Sally _________.

Accepted Answer

Daniel Dennett is known for his theory of intentional stance, which suggests that we interpret objects and beings in terms of their "beliefs", "goals", and "desires". In this case, Sally is ascribing beliefs and intentions to her computer by suggesting that it "decided to delete" her paper and "punish" her by refusing to reboot. This is an example of adopting an intentional stance towards the computer.

Question 18

Daniel Dennett's robot (R1) is faced with the problem of getting a spare battery in a wagon, locked in a room with a time bomb. R1 and his descendants are facing a problem called ________?

Accepted Answer

The scenario described does not match any of the specific problems or concepts listed in options A, B, or C, making "none of these" the correct choice.

Question 19

Daniel Dennett's robot (R1) is faced with the problem of getting a spare battery in a wagon, locked in a room with a time bomb. R1 and his descendants are facing a problem called ________?

Accepted Answer

The problem faced by R1 and his descendants is the frame problem, which refers to the difficulty of figuring out which of an enormous number of facts are relevant to a particular decision or action. In this case, the relevant facts include the location of the spare battery, the presence of the time bomb, and the lock on the wagon. The robot must determine which of these facts are important and how they relate to each other to solve the problem of getting the spare battery before the time runs out.

Question 20

The basic notion behind cognitive science is the idea that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of The basic notion behind cognitive science is...

Quiz 12: Cognitive Science 1956-2016

A computer that plays chess exactly as grandmasters do would be an example of:

Although early computers were called "electronic brains," computers really think with their:

As opposed to artificial intelligence, the goal of computer simulation is to:

Pure artificial intelligence (AI) seeks to __. A good example of pure AI today is _ programs.

Findings from artificial intelligence suggest that computers can:

Donald Broadbent (1958) proposed a mechanical model of attention and short term memory using balls dropped into a Y-shaped tube. He argued that psychologists should think of input from the senses not as physical stimuli but as________.

In the 1960s, psychologists were influenced by work in artificial intelligence. As a consequence, they started to cast their theories in terms of:

Newell, Shaw, and Simon's "Elements of a Theory of Problem Solving," appeared in 1958 and claimed that their computer program solved problems and it also _______________.

According to information processing psychologists, introspection:

Which of the following forms of behaviorism merged most easily with information processing psychology?

According to cognitive science, computers and people are alike in that both:

According to the cognitive theory of mind called functionalism, the mind is:

If you conclude that your mind is running a computational program that runs your body similar to a computer program controlling a computer you are most likely a?

The New Functionalism views cognitive psychologists like computer programmers. However, they dare not fool with the machine's wiring so they attempt to understand its program by?

The concept of the homunculus refers to the idea that:

Using the ideas put forth by Daniel Dennett, imagine you put your money in a soda machine and it doesn't give you your soda. Which of the following best represents your adopting an intentional stance toward the soda machine?

Sally tells her professor, "My term paper will be late, my computer decided to delete it last night and then punish me by refusing to reboot." Daniel Dennett would argue that Sally _________.

Daniel Dennett's robot (R1) is faced with the problem of getting a spare battery in a wagon, locked in a room with a time bomb. R1 and his descendants are facing a problem called ________?

Daniel Dennett's robot (R1) is faced with the problem of getting a spare battery in a wagon, locked in a room with a time bomb. R1 and his descendants are facing a problem called ________?

The basic notion behind cognitive science is the idea that: