Question 1

Graduate-level training for counselors has, for the most part, focused on the ______.
A) scientist-practitioner model
B) practitioner-scientist model
C) practitioner model
D) scientist model

Accepted Answer

The scientist-practitioner model is the dominant model used in graduate-level training for counselors. It emphasizes the integration of theory, research, and practice in counseling.

Question 2

Funding sources, including ______, are demanding demonstrations of effectiveness.
A) taxpayers
B) insurance companies
C) consumers
D) all of these

Accepted Answer

All of these funding sources, including taxpayers, insurance companies, and consumers, want to see evidence of a program's effectiveness before investing their money. This is particularly important in the healthcare industry where evidence-based practices are prioritized, and in government-funded programs where accountability is required.

Question 3

The ______ hypothesis states there is no effect or difference in comparisons made or in relationships between variables.
A) nondirectional
B) null
C) alternative directional
D) directional

Accepted Answer

The statement describes the null hypothesis, which is typically denoted as Ho in statistical testing. The null hypothesis assumes that there is no significant difference or effect in the variables being studied. The alternative hypotheses, which are usually denoted as Ha, propose that there is a significant difference or effect. The directional alternative hypothesis (Option D) predicts the direction of the effect, while the nondirectional alternative hypothesis (Option A) does not specify the direction of the effect, only that there is one. However, the statement is specifically describing the null hypothesis, which is the absence of a difference or effect. Therefore, the best choice is B.

Question 4

The ______hypothesis states there is an effect, but no direction or prediction is made as to the direction.
A) nondirectional
B) null
C) alternative directional
D) directional

Accepted Answer

The nondirectional hypothesis is a hypothesis that states there is an effect, but no direction or prediction is made as to the direction. It simply suggests that there is a difference between the groups being compared, but not which group will have a higher or lower value. For example, a nondirectional hypothesis might state that "there is a difference in test scores between Group A and Group B."

Question 5

A(n) ______ hypothesis does provide a direction or prediction of a direction of the effect.
A) nondirectional
B) null
C) alternative directional
D) directional

Accepted Answer

A directional hypothesis specifies the expected direction of the relationship between variables, predicting not just that a relationship exists, but also the nature of that relationship.

Question 6

A key approach to data collection and operationalization of the dependent variable in qualitative research is known as ______.
A) true experiment
B) quasi-experiment
C) triangulation
D) stratified sampling

Accepted Answer

The key approach to data collection and operationalization of the dependent variable in qualitative research that is described is triangulation. Triangulation involves using multiple sources or methods to collect and analyze data in order to increase the credibility and validity of findings. True and quasi-experiments involve quantitative data collection and manipulation of variables, while stratified sampling is a sampling technique used in quantitative research.

Question 7

In counseling and education, when using both qualitative and quasi-experiment design, a practical approach is ______.
A) to use participant observation
B) to use content analysis
C) to use historical analysis
D) the use of case study methods

Accepted Answer

The use of case study methods allows for the collection of detailed and comprehensive data on a specific individual or group, providing insights into their experiences, behaviors, and attitudes. This approach is particularly useful in counseling and education, where understanding individual perspectives and contexts is important for developing effective interventions and strategies. Additionally, case studies can provide rich qualitative data that can be analyzed using various techniques, such as content analysis or thematic analysis, to identify common themes and patterns across multiple cases. Quasi-experiment design can also be used in conjunction with case studies, allowing for the assessment of intervention effectiveness or changes over time within a single case or group.

Question 8

Validity ______.
A) addresses the degree to which you are actually measuring what you want or intend to measure
B) addresses the degree to which you chose the appropriate variables
C) addresses the degree to which your measure is consistent
D) addresses measures of variability

Accepted Answer

Validity refers to how accurately a measure captures what it intends to measure. It addresses the degree to which you are actually measuring what you want or intend to measure. Choice B (appropriateness of variables) relates more to the concept of construct validity, while choice C (consistency of measure) relates more to reliability. Choice D (measures of variability) refers to descriptive statistics that provide information about the spread or distribution of your data.

Question 9

Reliability ______.
A) addresses the degree to which you are actually measuring what you want or intend to measure
B) addresses the degree to which you chose the appropriate variables
C) addresses the degree to which your measure is consistent
D) addresses levels of significance

Accepted Answer

Reliability is the degree to which a measure is consistent. It is not related to the appropriateness of variables or significance levels. While measuring what is intended is important, that concept is better captured by validity, not reliability.

Question 10

The use of normative comparisons allow for ______.
A) greater reliability
B) more valid interpretations of results
C) a more definitive research design
D) a more precise experimental design

Accepted Answer

The answer of The use of normative comparisons allow for...

Question 11

Standard conditions of administering the test help to ______.
A) increase validity
B) decrease validity
C) increase reliability
D) reduce test errors

Accepted Answer

The answer of Standard conditions of administering the test help...

Question 12

Self-report measures have the potential for ______.
A) respondent bias
B) being very objective
C) ease in administration
D) both respondent bias and ease in administration

Accepted Answer

Self-report measures may suffer from respondent bias, as participants may not always provide accurate or truthful responses. However, they are often easy to administer and can be an efficient data collection method. Therefore, the best choice would be D.

Question 13

Objectivity refers to ______.
A) the development of theory
B) summative theories
C) participant observation
D) the use of self-report

Accepted Answer

Objectivity refers to the use of self-report, which is a method of data collection in which participants provide information about themselves.

Question 14

A study that exerts a high amount of experimental control will most likely depart from a ______.
A) heterogeneous setting
B) naturalistic setting
C) ecological setting
D) homogeneous setting

Accepted Answer

A naturalistic setting is one where observations and experiments are conducted in a natural environment without any manipulation or control by the researchers. A study that exerts a high amount of experimental control typically departs from this naturalistic setting to ensure that variables can be isolated and manipulated, which is not possible in a natural, uncontrolled environment.

Question 15

When there is a large amount of control by the researcher, there should be less control and a more natural measurement of the variables of interest. This is referred to as having ______.
A) external validity
B) internal validity
C) content validity
D) construct validity

Accepted Answer

External validity refers to the extent to which findings can be generalized to other settings and populations beyond the one studied. When there is a high degree of control by the researcher, such as in a laboratory experiment, the findings may not be applicable to real-world situations. By having less control and allowing for more natural measurement, the study is more likely to have external validity. Internal validity, on the other hand, refers to the degree to which the study design and procedures minimize the influence of extraneous variables and allow for the assessment of the hypothesized causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables. Content validity pertains to the extent to which a measure accurately represents the construct it is intended to assess. Construct validity refers to the degree to which a measure actually measures the construct it is intended to assess.

Question 16

There has been considerable debate in the counseling and educational literature over the extent to which research should be emphasized in the training and actual practice of counselors and educators.

Accepted Answer

As stated in the first sentence, there has been considerable debate over the extent to which research should be emphasized in the training and actual practice of counselors and educators, indicating that the statement is true.

Question 17

Educators assume that training their students to be practitioner-scientists is appropriate, whereas practitioners would rather focus on becoming scientist-practitioners.

Accepted Answer

The statement is reversed. Practitioners prefer to become practitioner-scientists, while educators emphasize becoming scientist-practitioners.

Question 18

Counselors and educators are being required to demonstrate the effectiveness of their work, such as with student performance or client outcomes.

Accepted Answer

With an increased focus on accountability and evidence-based practices, counselors and educators are indeed being required to demonstrate the effectiveness of their work through measures such as student performance or client outcomes.

Question 19

The research process is valued in our society as one of the most important sources of knowledge in decision-making.

Accepted Answer

Research is highly valued in our society as it provides us with evidence-based information that is used to inform decision-making processes in various fields. It helps us to understand complex problems, identify patterns, and develop solutions to societal issues. Therefore, research plays a vital role in shaping policies, processes, and practices in different sectors.

Question 20

Involvement in research may be limited to publications in professional journals.

Accepted Answer

Involvement in research can also include conference presentations, grant proposals, and collaborations with other researchers.

Quiz 18: Developing a Research Proposal and Conducting Research in Practice

Graduate-level training for counselors has, for the most part, focused on the ______.

Funding sources, including ______, are demanding demonstrations of effectiveness.

The ______ hypothesis states there is no effect or difference in comparisons made or in relationships between variables.

The ______hypothesis states there is an effect, but no direction or prediction is made as to the direction.

A(n) ______ hypothesis does provide a direction or prediction of a direction of the effect.

A key approach to data collection and operationalization of the dependent variable in qualitative research is known as ______.

In counseling and education, when using both qualitative and quasi-experiment design, a practical approach is ______.

Validity ______.

Reliability ______.

The use of normative comparisons allow for ______.

Standard conditions of administering the test help to ______.

Self-report measures have the potential for ______.

Objectivity refers to ______.

A study that exerts a high amount of experimental control will most likely depart from a ______.

When there is a large amount of control by the researcher, there should be less control and a more natural measurement of the variables of interest. This is referred to as having ______.

There has been considerable debate in the counseling and educational literature over the extent to which research should be emphasized in the training and actual practice of counselors and educators.

Educators assume that training their students to be practitioner-scientists is appropriate, whereas practitioners would rather focus on becoming scientist-practitioners.

Counselors and educators are being required to demonstrate the effectiveness of their work, such as with student performance or client outcomes.

The research process is valued in our society as one of the most important sources of knowledge in decision-making.

Involvement in research may be limited to publications in professional journals.