Question 1

Ms. Xavier opposes physical punishment in schools. She believes that such punishment makes children fear teachers. Ms. Xavier is most aligned with which historical prospective?
A) medieval times
B) the Reformation
C) the Enlightenment
D) the Puritans, after they emigrated to the New World

Accepted Answer

Ms. Xavier's belief that physical punishment in schools leads to fear aligns with the Enlightenment perspective, which emphasized reason, human rights, and the importance of education. During the Enlightenment, thinkers like John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau argued that education should be based on kindness and respect, rather than punishment and fear.

Question 2

Rousseau regarded development as __________ and largely influenced by __________.
A) continuous; nature
B) continuous; nurture
C) discontinuous; nature
D) discontinuous; nurture

Accepted Answer

Rousseau believed in a stage-like (discontinuous) development process that is largely influenced by nature, emphasizing the natural unfolding of a child's abilities.

Question 3

The most consistent asset of resilient children is
A) a strong bond with a competent, caring adult.
B) high academic performance in elementary school.
C) musical ability.
D) athletic competence.

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that a strong bond with a competent, caring adult is the most consistent asset of resilient children. This adult can be a parent, teacher, mentor, or any other significant figure in the child's life who provides support and positive guidance. Other factors such as academic performance, musical ability, or athletic competence may contribute to a child's resilience, but they are not as consistently associated with positive outcomes as a strong supportive relationship with an adult.

Question 4

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasizes __________ and __________.
A) stage; maturation
B) natural selection; stage
C) maturation; survival of the fittest
D) natural selection; survival of the fittest

Accepted Answer

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasizes the process of natural selection, meaning certain traits and characteristics are better adapted to the environment and allow for greater survival and reproduction. This ultimately leads to the concept of survival of the fittest, where those organisms with beneficial traits are more likely to survive and pass on their genes to future generations.

Question 5

During medieval times,
A) children were treated as adults once they were old enough to perform daily routines.
B) clear awareness existed of children as vulnerable beings.
C) children were viewed as blank slates.
D) harsh, restrictive child-rearing practices were recommended to tame depraved children.

Accepted Answer

Medieval society was aware of the vulnerability of children, particularly infants and young children. However, this did not mean that they were treated with the same level of care and protection as today. Children were often perceived as miniature adults and were expected to carry out daily tasks and contribute to the household as soon as they were physically able. While there were some efforts to educate and instruct children, particularly of the upper classes, there was also a belief that children were inherently sinful and needed strict discipline to ensure obedience and morality.

Question 6

In contrast to Locke, Rousseau
A) viewed development as a continuous process.
B) believed that children's moral sense is learned through religious training.
C) regarded children as empty containers to be filled by adult instruction.
D) believed that children's unique ways of thinking would only be harmed by adult training.

Accepted Answer

Rousseau believed that children are born with innate goodness and that their unique ways of thinking should be nurtured instead of being molded by adult instruction. He saw adult training as harmful and believed that children should be allowed to discover and learn on their own. Therefore, option D is the best choice.

Question 7

Professor Cortez believes that development is largely due to nature. Professor Cortez would argue that
A) early intervention is of supreme importance for economically at-risk children.
B) environmental factors have a greater impact on development than genetic factors.
C) offering high-quality stimulation in infancy and toddlerhood is vital for favorable development.
D) providing experiences aimed at promoting change is of little value.

Accepted Answer

Professor Cortez, who believes development is largely due to nature, would argue that genetic factors are more influential than environmental factors or interventions. Therefore, offering experiences aimed at promoting change (which are environmental interventions) would be considered of little value to him.

Question 8

Dr. Hoo believes that children who are high in verbal ability, anxiety, or sociability will remain so at later ages. Dr. Hoo likely emphasizes the role of __________ in her research.
A) plasticity
B) stability
C) discontinuity
D) context

Accepted Answer

Dr. Hoo's emphasis on stability suggests that she believes that these traits will remain consistent over time, rather than being subject to change or plasticity.

Question 9

__________ is generally regarded as the founder of the child-study movement.
A) Charles Darwin
B) John Locke
C) G. Stanley Hall
D) Benjamin Spock

Accepted Answer

G. Stanley Hall is generally regarded as the founder of the child-study movement. In the late 19th century, he established the first research laboratory dedicated to child psychology at Johns Hopkins University and later founded the American Psychological Association.

Question 10

Rousseau's philosophy included which of the following two influential concepts?
A) stage and maturation
B) evolution and stage
C) natural selection and survival of the fittest
D) maturation and natural selection

Accepted Answer

Rousseau's philosophy emphasized the natural development of humans and the importance of each stage of development, which aligns with the concepts of stage and maturation. He did not directly contribute to the ideas of evolution, natural selection, or survival of the fittest, which are more closely associated with Charles Darwin's work.

Question 11

Locke regarded development as __________ and largely influenced by __________.
A) continuous; nature
B) continuous; nurture
C) discontinuous; nature
D) discontinuous; nurture

Accepted Answer

Locke believed development was a continuous process and largely influenced by nurture, as he believed that experience shaped individuals' knowledge and abilities.

Question 12

Dr. Shepherd studies individual differences in intelligence, personality, and social skills of identical twins raised in different families. Dr. Shepherd likely emphasizes the role of __________ in his research.
A) heredity
B) plasticity
C) early experiences
D) stability

Accepted Answer

Dr. Shepherd's focus on identical twins raised in different families suggests an interest in exploring the role of genetics, or heredity, in shaping individual differences in intelligence, personality, and social skills.

Question 13

During the Reformation, the Puritans
A) characterized children as innocent and close to angels.
B) regarded children as fully mature by the time they were 7 or 8 years old.
C) suggested that parents reward children with praise and approval.
D) believed that children were born evil and stubborn and had to be civilized.

Accepted Answer

The Puritans believed in the concept of original sin, which meant that all humans were born sinful and needed to be civilized and disciplined in order to become good Christians. They believed that children were naturally stubborn and would only become virtuous if they were dealt with severely. This viewpoint is reflected in their strict parenting practices.

Question 14

Theorists who emphasize __________ in explaining individual differences typically stress the importance of __________.
A) early experiences; discontinuity
B) stability; nurture
C) the environment; early experiences
D) context; continuity

Accepted Answer

Theorists who emphasize the environment in explaining individual differences typically stress the importance of early experiences. This statement matches option C, which states "the environment; early experiences."

Question 15

Which of the following factors fosters resilience?
A) an inability to inhibit impulses
B) having more than two siblings
C) social support outside the immediate family
D) an emotionally reactive personality

Accepted Answer

Social support outside the immediate family has been shown to be a significant factor in fostering resilience. It provides individuals with additional resources and perspectives to draw upon in times of stress or difficulty. An inability to inhibit impulses and an emotionally reactive personality are generally seen as barriers to resilience, while having more than two siblings has not been consistently linked to resilience.

Question 16

The Enlightenment period brought new philosophies that
A) emphasized ideals of human dignity and respect.
B) emphasized original sin.
C) regarded children as noble savages.
D) recognized the need to protect children from people who might mistreat them.

Accepted Answer

The Enlightenment emphasized ideals of human dignity, respect, and reason, focusing on human rights and the potential for progress and improvement.

Question 17

G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell,
A) developed the first intelligence test.
B) regarded child development as a maturational process.
C) argued that children actively revise their ways of thinking, but also learn through habit.
D) were the first researchers to implement behavior modification techniques.

Accepted Answer

G. Stanley Hall and Arnold Gesell were proponents of the maturational approach to child development, which emphasizes the role of genetics in shaping development and sees development as occurring in a predictable sequence of stages. They believed that children's development was largely influenced by biological factors and that children's behavior was determined by their individual patterns of maturation rather than environmental factors. They did not develop the first intelligence test, implement behavior modification techniques, or argue that children actively revise their ways of thinking while also learning through habit.

Question 18

According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's view, the child is
A) tainted by original sin.
B) a tabula rasa.
C) a noble savage.
D) an active, purposeful being.

Accepted Answer

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that the child is a noble savage, meaning that the child is naturally good and innocent, but society corrupts them. He argued that children should be allowed to develop freely and not be molded by society's norms and expectations.

Question 19

British philosopher John Locke viewed the child as
A) tainted by original sin.
B) a tabula rasa.
C) a noble savage.
D) an active, purposeful being.

Accepted Answer

John Locke believed that when a child is born, their mind is a blank slate (tabula rasa) with no inherent knowledge or innate tendencies. He believed that all knowledge and ideas are acquired through experience and sensory perception. This view was contrary to the traditional belief in original sin, which held that all humans are born with a sinful nature that must be corrected through religious instruction and discipline. Locke's view also differs from the idea of the noble savage, which suggests that humans in their natural state are morally superior to those corrupted by civilization. Finally, Locke did believe that children are active and purposeful beings, as they are constantly exploring and learning about the world around them.

Question 20

In the sixteenth century, __________ prevented most Puritan parents from using extremely repressive child-rearing measures.
A) the belief that children are vulnerable
B) religious prohibitions against harsh punishment
C) love and affection for their children
D) the belief that children are close to angels

Accepted Answer

Puritan parents, despite their strict religious beliefs, often showed love and affection for their children, which prevented them from using extremely repressive child-rearing measures.

Quiz 1: History, Theory, and Applied Directions

Ms. Xavier opposes physical punishment in schools. She believes that such punishment makes children fear teachers. Ms. Xavier is most aligned with which historical prospective?

Rousseau regarded development as and largely influenced by .

The most consistent asset of resilient children is

Charles Darwin's theory of evolution emphasizes and .

During medieval times,

In contrast to Locke, Rousseau

Professor Cortez believes that development is largely due to nature. Professor Cortez would argue that

Dr. Hoo believes that children who are high in verbal ability, anxiety, or sociability will remain so at later ages. Dr. Hoo likely emphasizes the role of __________ in her research.

__________ is generally regarded as the founder of the child-study movement.

Rousseau's philosophy included which of the following two influential concepts?

Locke regarded development as and largely influenced by .

Dr. Shepherd studies individual differences in intelligence, personality, and social skills of identical twins raised in different families. Dr. Shepherd likely emphasizes the role of __________ in his research.

During the Reformation, the Puritans

Theorists who emphasize in explaining individual differences typically stress the importance of .

Which of the following factors fosters resilience?

The Enlightenment period brought new philosophies that

G. Stanley Hall and his student, Arnold Gesell,

According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's view, the child is

British philosopher John Locke viewed the child as

In the sixteenth century, __________ prevented most Puritan parents from using extremely repressive child-rearing measures.