Question 1

Transmit is to receive as
A) ​dendrite is to cell body.
B) ​axon is to dendrite.
C) ​dendrite is to axon.
D) ​cell body is to axon.

Accepted Answer

In the context of neural communication, transmitting signals is analogous to the function of an axon, which sends information away from the neuron's cell body, while receiving signals is analogous to the function of dendrites, which receive information from other neurons. Thus, "axon is to dendrite" correctly parallels "transmit is to receive."

Question 2

Approximately ____ of American households have difficulty at some point in providing adequate food for all family members
A) ​5%
B) ​10%
C) ​15%
D) ​20%

Accepted Answer

According to the USDA's latest report on food insecurity in the United States, approximately 15% of American households (or 19.1 million households) were food insecure at some point during 2019. This means they had difficulty providing adequate food for all family members due to a lack of resources.

Question 3

Why is it that bottle-feeding a baby in developing nations has so much potential to be disastrous to the baby's health?
A) ​Because proper bottles and artificial nipples are not often available in such nations, and thus children can get a wide variety of gastrointestinal maladies caused by the ingestion of far too much air while eating.
B) ​Because formula-feeding does not promote regular schedules of feeding for babies, and this can lead to malnutrition and starvation.
C) ​Because the formulas made in developing countries are usually well past their "expiration date," and have been donated to those countries by manufacturers who would rather not simply dispose of the expired products.
D) ​Because the only water available to prepare formula is often contaminated, which can lead to diarrhea, dehydration, and even death.

Accepted Answer

In many developing nations, the only available water to prepare formula is often contaminated, leading to a host of health problems, including diarrhea, dehydration, and even death. This is why bottle-feeding can be disastrous to a baby's health in these regions.

Question 4

Maryanne was born at a weight of 8.2 pounds. If her growth is typical of most children, about how much will she weigh at her first birthday party?
A) ​24.6 pounds
B) ​16.4 pounds
C) ​32.8 pounds
D) ​12.3 pounds

Accepted Answer

On average, infants triple their birth weight by their first birthday. Therefore, Maryanne, who was born at 8.2 pounds, would weigh approximately 24.6 pounds (8.2 pounds x 3) by her first birthday.

Question 5

Which of the following children would be described as being of "average" height and weight at birth?
A) ​Ava, who is in the 25th percentile
B) ​Chase, who is in the 33rd percentile
C) ​Steven, who is in the 50th percentile
D) ​Erin, who is in the 75th percentile

Accepted Answer

A baby in the 50th percentile is considered to have average height and weight at birth, as they fall directly in the middle of the range of measurements for babies of the same age and gender.

Question 6

Which of the following is the best way to make sure that babies get their appropriate levels of nourishment?
A) ​breast-feeding
B) ​making sure that the baby eats at least once an hour during awake time
C) ​ensuring the baby consumes 90-100 calories per pound of its weight each day
D) ​enhancing formula with vitamin D

Accepted Answer

Breast-feeding is the best way to ensure that babies get their appropriate levels of nourishment as breast milk contains all the necessary nutrients and antibodies for the baby's development and protects against many illnesses.

Question 7

The most basic unit in the brain and nervous system of a human being is the
A) ​nerve.
B) ​astrocyte.
C) ​glial cell.
D) ​neuron.

Accepted Answer

Neurons are the basic unit of the brain and nervous system. They transmit information through electrical and chemical signals, allowing for communication within the nervous system and between the nervous system and other parts of the body. Nerves are bundles of axons (long extensions of neurons) that carry these signals between the brain, spinal cord, and other parts of the body. Astrocytes and glial cells are types of supporting cells in the nervous system.

Question 8

What part of a neuron contains the material necessary to keep it alive?
A) ​axon
B) ​cell body
C) ​dendrite
D) ​corpus callosum

Accepted Answer

The cell body, also known as the soma, contains the necessary organelles (such as the nucleus and mitochondria) and structures to maintain the neuron's metabolic and biochemical processes and keep it alive. The axon and dendrites are extensions that transmit information to and from the cell body, but they do not contain the same amount of vital material. The corpus callosum is a structure that connects the two hemispheres of the brain and is not directly related to the maintenance of individual neurons.

Question 9

The wrinkled surface of the brain, made up of about 10 billion neurons, is called the
A) cerebral cortex.
B) ​arachnoid meninx.
C) ​hypothalamus.
D) ​cerebellum universalis.

Accepted Answer

The cerebral cortex is the outer layer of the brain, made up of folded and wrinkled gray matter. It is responsible for many important functions including consciousness, perception, and voluntary movement. It contains about 10 billion neurons, making it one of the most complex structures in the body.

Question 10

While observing brain activity, Dr. Smith proclaims, "This brain is definitely experiencing a downsizing in the number of connections between neurons." This indicates that the brain Dr. Smith is studying is undergoing
A) ​synaptic pruning.
B) ​motion parallax.
C) ​cephalocaudal development.
D) ​dendritic expansion.

Accepted Answer

Synaptic pruning is the process of eliminating unused or unnecessary connections between neurons, resulting in a downsizing of the overall number of connections in the brain. This process typically occurs during early childhood and adolescence, allowing for more efficient and specialized neural communication. Motion parallax refers to the perceived differences in visual motion of objects due to changes in observer position, and is not relevant to the description given. Cephalocaudal development refers to the pattern of growth and development from head to toe, and dendritic expansion refers to the growth and branching of dendrites, which is not consistent with the given description of a downsizing of connections.

Question 11

UNICEF (2006) estimates that, worldwide, about one in ____ children under five years of age suffers from malnutrition.
A) ​four
B) ​six
C) ​eight
D) ​ten

Accepted Answer

UNICEF (2006) estimates that about one in four children under five years of age suffers from malnutrition globally.

Question 12

Which of the following represents the correct path a neural impulse travels from start to finish of a neuron?
A) ​dendrite, cell body, axon, terminal button
B) ​terminal button, axon, cell body, dendrite
C) ​cell body, terminal button, dendrite, axon
D) ​axon, dendrite, cell body, terminal button

Accepted Answer

A neural impulse travels from the dendrites, which receive input from other neurons, to the cell body where the input is integrated, then down the axon, which transmits the signal, and finally to the terminal buttons where the impulse triggers the release of neurotransmitters to communicate with the next neuron. Choice A correctly represents this sequence.

Question 13

The debate about the value of breast-feeding versus bottle feeding is one of the most critical issues for new parents to explore. According to your chapter, breast-feeding is the more beneficial choice for all but which of the following reasons?
A) ​Breast milk contains antibodies
B) ​Breast-fed babies are less prone to diarrhea
C) ​Breast-fed babies are less prone to constipation
D) ​Breast milk does not need to be refrigerated when stored.

Accepted Answer

The only reason listed that is not a benefit of breast-feeding is D, as breast milk does need to be refrigerated when stored. Therefore, the best choice is D.

Question 14

Which statement regarding temperament is false?
A) ​Identical twins are more similar in temperament than are fraternal twins.
B) ​Some temperamental characteristics are more common is certain cultures.
C) ​Emotionality is unaffected by environmental factors.
D) ​The confidence level of mothers is related to temperament.

Accepted Answer

Emotionality is affected by both genetic and environmental factors, such as parenting style and cultural norms.

Question 15

Why is it that malnourished children are often quiet and express little interest in what goes on around them?
A) ​They are afraid that if they are noisy they will get no food.
B) ​These qualities are adaptive, as they conserve the child's limited energy.
C) ​They have usually been shamed and mocked so they are very shy.
D) ​They have learned nothing they do matters so they become very docile.

Accepted Answer

Malnourished children have limited energy due to lack of food and nutrients, so they conserve their energy by being quiet and expressing little interest in their surroundings. This behavior is adaptive for their survival.

Question 16

When you look at the cord coming out of the lamp on your desk, you will notice that there is a protective coating that surrounds and encapsulates the electricity-conducting wire inside. If you were to relate that model to the human neuron, the protective coating would refer to the
A) ​terminal buttons.
B) ​synaptic cleft.
C) ​neurotransmitters.
D) ​myelin.

Accepted Answer

The protective coating surrounding the wire in a lamp cord is analogous to the myelin sheath that surrounds and protects the axons of neurons. This coating helps to insulate the wire and prevent electrical signals from escaping or interfering with other signals. Similarly, the myelin sheath helps to insulate the axon and increase the speed and efficiency of electrical signals traveling through the neuron. The other options (terminal buttons, synaptic cleft, and neurotransmitters) are all involved in different aspects of neural communication and are not directly related to the protective coating around a wire.

Question 17

According to the theory of Mary Rothbart, a child's temperament includes three different contributing dimensions. Which of the following is NOT one of them?
A) ​surgency/extroversion
B) ​positive affect
C) ​negative affect
D) ​effortful control

Accepted Answer

The three dimensions of temperament according to Mary Rothbart are surgency/extroversion, negative affect, and effortful control. Positive affect is not one of the dimensions in her theory.

Question 18

The brain and spinal cord of a baby begin as a(n)
A) ​zygotic blastocyst
B) ​germ cell
C) ​neural plate
D) ​embryonic stem cell

Accepted Answer

The neural plate is a structure that forms in the early stages of embryonic development and gives rise to the brain and spinal cord. It is not until later in development that the neural plate undergoes further differentiation to become the fully-formed central nervous system.

Question 19

When young Melvin's mother hands him to a friend of hers, he looks up, smiles, and offers no real objection to being held by a stranger. Melvin's mother often brags that, "he is such a good, easy baby." According to your textbook, Melvin's mother is making an observation about his ____.
A) ​personality
B) ​temperament
C) ​reflexes
D) ​adjustment

Accepted Answer

Melvin's mother is making an observation about his temperament, which refers to his characteristic mood, activity level, and emotional reactivity. The fact that he is described as a "good, easy baby" suggests that he has a generally positive and adaptable temperament.

Question 20

Which structure functions as a bridge between the two cerebral hemispheres?
A) ​the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis
B) ​the central sulcus
C) ​the corpus callosum
D) ​the putamen

Accepted Answer

The corpus callosum is a large bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres and allows communication between them.

Quiz 3: Tools for Exploring the World: Physical, Perceptual, and Motor Development in Infancy and Early Childhood.

Transmit is to receive as

Approximately ____ of American households have difficulty at some point in providing adequate food for all family members

Why is it that bottle-feeding a baby in developing nations has so much potential to be disastrous to the baby's health?

Maryanne was born at a weight of 8.2 pounds. If her growth is typical of most children, about how much will she weigh at her first birthday party?

Which of the following children would be described as being of "average" height and weight at birth?

Which of the following is the best way to make sure that babies get their appropriate levels of nourishment?

The most basic unit in the brain and nervous system of a human being is the

What part of a neuron contains the material necessary to keep it alive?

The wrinkled surface of the brain, made up of about 10 billion neurons, is called the

While observing brain activity, Dr. Smith proclaims, "This brain is definitely experiencing a downsizing in the number of connections between neurons." This indicates that the brain Dr. Smith is studying is undergoing

UNICEF (2006) estimates that, worldwide, about one in ____ children under five years of age suffers from malnutrition.

Which of the following represents the correct path a neural impulse travels from start to finish of a neuron?

The debate about the value of breast-feeding versus bottle feeding is one of the most critical issues for new parents to explore. According to your chapter, breast-feeding is the more beneficial choice for all but which of the following reasons?

Which statement regarding temperament is false?

Why is it that malnourished children are often quiet and express little interest in what goes on around them?

When you look at the cord coming out of the lamp on your desk, you will notice that there is a protective coating that surrounds and encapsulates the electricity-conducting wire inside. If you were to relate that model to the human neuron, the protective coating would refer to the

According to the theory of Mary Rothbart, a child's temperament includes three different contributing dimensions. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

The brain and spinal cord of a baby begin as a(n)

When young Melvin's mother hands him to a friend of hers, he looks up, smiles, and offers no real objection to being held by a stranger. Melvin's mother often brags that, "he is such a good, easy baby." According to your textbook, Melvin's mother is making an observation about his ____.

Which structure functions as a bridge between the two cerebral hemispheres?