Question 1

Compared with __________ children, __________ children present fewer problems in the early years.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compared with __________ children, __________ children present...

Question 2

__________ refers to quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity.

Accepted Answer

Reactivity refers to the quickness and intensity of emotional arousal, attention, and motor activity. Temperament refers to the child's natural tendencies or inclinations, while effortful control and self-regulation refer to the child's ability to regulate and control their own behavior and emotions.

Question 3

Observation of which child would be most likely to provide a researcher with an accurate long-term prediction of temperament?

Accepted Answer

Tyson, age 4 years, would be the most likely to provide an accurate long-term prediction of temperament because he is at an age where his temperament is becoming stable and consistent, and he has had more opportunities to experience a range of situations and react to them. Newborns, such as Quinn, have not developed a consistent temperament yet, while children like Ava and Samantha are still in the early stages of developing their temperament and may still be influenced by external factors.

Question 4

Liam can effectively focus and shift attention, inhibit impulses, and manage negative emotion. Liam is high in __________.

Accepted Answer

Liam's ability to focus, shift attention, inhibit impulses, and manage negative emotions all reflect aspects of effortful control, which involves the intentional regulation of one's thoughts, feelings, and actions in order to meet goals or adapt to changing situations. Persistence refers to the ability to stick with a task or goal despite obstacles, which may be related but is not as directly relevant to Liam's described abilities. Goodness of fit refers to the degree to which a child's temperament matches the demands and expectations of their environment, and self-awareness refers to the ability to recognize and reflect on one's own thoughts and feelings, which are not directly reflected in the scenario.

Question 5

Which mother would be most likely to discourage the expression of strong emotion in her baby?

Accepted Answer

Cultural norms and parenting practices vary significantly around the world. In many Western cultures, such as those in the UK, Germany, and Canada, there is a greater acceptance of expressing emotions. However, in some traditional or rural societies, such as rural Cameroon, there is often a stronger emphasis on emotional restraint. Parents in these cultures may discourage the expression of strong emotions in their children to adhere to cultural norms.

Question 6

In Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal Study, 35 percent of the children __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of In Thomas and Chess's New York Longitudinal...

Question 7

Jaynie is cheerful and upbeat. Alayna is prone to angry outbursts. These descriptions refer to __________.

Accepted Answer

Temperament refers to the innate, individual differences in behavior, emotion, and thinking that people are born with or develop early in life. Therefore, Jaynie's cheerful and upbeat demeanor and Alayna's tendency towards angry outbursts are examples of their temperaments. Option B (effortful control) refers to the ability to suppress a dominant response in order to carry out a more controlled alternative, which is not being demonstrated here. Option C (reactivity) refers to individual differences in response to stimulation, so it could potentially be a factor in why Alayna is prone to angry outbursts, but it does not encompass Jaynie's personality as well. Option D (self-regulation) refers to the ability to control one's own thoughts, emotions, and behaviors, which is not applicable here as these characteristics are more innate.

Question 8

The overall stability of temperament is __________ from the preschool years on.

Accepted Answer

The answer of The overall stability of temperament is __________...

Question 9

__________ have a harder time regulating __________ emotion.

Accepted Answer

Boys generally have a harder time regulating negative emotions compared to girls. This is supported by research in developmental psychology and neuroscience, which suggests that boys may be more prone to expressing negative emotions such as anger and frustration in externalizing ways.

Question 10

Temperament is often assessed through __________.

Accepted Answer

Temperament is often assessed through parental reports and interviews, as parents are best equipped to observe their child's behavior in various situations and settings. Self-reports may not be accurate in young children and the clinical method is usually reserved for more complex psychological assessments. Delay-of-gratification tasks and Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation are more specific assessments of self-regulation and attachment, respectively, and are not used to assess overall temperament.

Question 11

Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess studied __________.

Accepted Answer

Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess were known for their research on temperament, specifically identifying three types: easy, difficult, and slow to warm up.

Question 12

George is an extremely shy preschooler. In order for George to acquire effective social skills, he will need __________.

Accepted Answer

Parenting tailored to George's temperament is the best option for him to acquire effective social skills. Shy children may benefit from a warm and sensitive parenting style that provides guidance and opportunities to gradually practice social skills in a safe and supportive environment. Exposing George to stressful situations or sheltering him from social stress and criticism are unlikely to be effective strategies. There is no evidence to suggest that medication to increase left frontal brain wave activity would be helpful for George's social development.

Question 13

According to Thomas and Chess's research, __________ children are at high risk for anxious withdrawal and aggressive behavior in early and middle childhood.

Accepted Answer

Thomas and Chess's research identified "difficult" children as those who are at high risk for developing anxious withdrawal and aggressive behavior in early and middle childhood due to their irregular routines, negative responses to new situations, and slow adaptability.

Question 14

Most neurobiological research has focused on children who fall at opposite extremes of the __________ and __________ dimensions of temperament.

Accepted Answer

Most neurobiological research has focused on children who fall at opposite extremes of the positive-affect and fearful-distress dimensions of temperament.

Question 15

Which statement about Jerome Kagan's longitudinal research on the stability of temperament is true?

Accepted Answer

The answer of Which statement about Jerome Kagan's longitudinal research...

Question 16

About half of individual differences in temperament have been attributed to __________.

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that genetic makeup plays a significant role in individual differences in temperament. Studies of identical twins reared apart have found that they share more similarities in temperament than fraternal twins, indicating a strong genetic component. Socioeconomic status and parenting styles may also have some influence but are not as strongly linked to temperament as genetics. Gender differences are also a factor, but do not account for the majority of individual differences in temperament.

Question 17

Compared to __________ toddlers, __________ toddlers generally show greater improvement in effortful control by the preschool years.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Compared to __________ toddlers, __________ toddlers generally...

Question 18

Bindi quickly establishes regular routines, is generally cheerful, and adapts easily to new experiences. In Thomas and Chess's research, Bindi would be classified as a(n) __________ child.

Accepted Answer

Bindi's description matches the characteristics of an easy child, who are generally positive, adaptable, and establish regular routines easily.

Question 19

Joh is inactive and negative in mood. He shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli. In Thomas and Chess's research, Joh would be classified as a(n) __________ child.

Accepted Answer

Joh's characteristics of being inactive, negative in mood, and showing mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli align with the "slow-to-warm-up" category in Thomas and Chess's research on temperamental categories in children. This category describes children who are typically cautious in new situations and take longer to adjust but eventually do without much difficulty.

Question 20

Individual differences in __________ contribute to the contrasting temperaments of shyness and sociability.

Accepted Answer

The amygdala is a key brain region involved in processing emotions, particularly fear and anxiety. Differences in the level of amygdala activation may underlie individual differences in shyness (high amygdala activation) versus sociability (low amygdala activation). Birth weight, brain plasticity, and frontal lobe size are not directly related to temperamental differences in shyness or sociability.

Quiz 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Compared with children, children present fewer problems in the early years.