Question 1

Between the ages of 6 and 12, children become more aware __________.

Accepted Answer

Between the ages of 6 and 12, children's emotional development progresses significantly, and they become more adept at understanding complex emotional states. This includes recognizing that certain situations can elicit mixed emotions, reflecting an increased sophistication in their emotional awareness and understanding.

Question 2

Which statement about self-conscious emotions in middle childhood is true?

Accepted Answer

Pride and guilt are self-conscious emotions that serve different motivational purposes in middle childhood. Pride encourages children to accept new challenges and continue their efforts, while guilt, when appropriately experienced, can motivate them to correct their mistakes and improve themselves, reflecting an internalization of moral standards and a desire for self-improvement.

Question 3

__________ praise implies that competence develops through effort.

Accepted Answer

Process praise focuses on the effort, strategies and process that children use in order to succeed, rather than on their innate abilities or intelligence. It implies that competence can be developed through effort and effective strategies, which promotes a growth mindset. Person praise, on the other hand, focuses on innate abilities, which can discourage children from trying harder or taking on challenges. Indulgent and inconsistent praise are not relevant to this concept.

Question 4

Marlena is enrolled in an intervention program that encourages learned-helpless children to believe that they can overcome failure by exerting more effort. This approach is known as __________.

Accepted Answer

The intervention program described focuses on changing the attributions that children make about their failures, with the goal of encouraging them to believe that they can overcome failure by exerting more effort. This process is known as attribution retraining.

Question 5

Eleven-year-old Darwin is more likely than 6-year-old Janeen to explain emotion by referring to __________.

Accepted Answer

As children get older, they become more likely to attribute emotions to internal states, such as thoughts and feelings, rather than external events or observable characteristics. Therefore, Darwin is more likely to explain emotion by referring to internal states than Janeen.

Question 6

Excessive guilt is linked to __________.

Accepted Answer

Excessive guilt is a symptom commonly associated with depression. While ignoring responsibilities, intentional wrongdoing, lying, and cheating may also trigger feelings of guilt, they are not necessarily the only cause.

Question 7

Appreciating mixed emotions helps children realize that __________.

Accepted Answer

Appreciating mixed emotions helps children understand that people may be feeling multiple emotions at the same time and that their expressions may not always reflect their true feelings.

Question 8

Children who develop __________ attribute their failures, not their successes, to ability.

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness is a phenomenon in which children attribute their failures to their lack of ability, rather than external factors like effort or strategies used. This can lead to a sense of helplessness and resignation in the face of challenges, as they believe that ability is fixed and cannot be improved. Mastery-oriented attributions, on the other hand, involve attributing successes to ability and effort, and failures to factors that can be changed, like not using effective strategies. Realistically oriented views of ability acknowledge that ability is not fixed and can be developed through effort and practice. An ideal self refers to a vision of one's perfect self, which may or may not be related to attributions of success or failure.

Question 9

When Desiree gets an A in language arts, she assumes it was pure luck. Desiree probably __________.

Accepted Answer

When Desiree assumes her success was due to pure luck, she is demonstrating a lack of belief in her own abilities and the value of effort. These are characteristics of a learned-helpless child.

Question 10

Children who are high in academic self-esteem and motivation make __________ attributions, crediting their successes to __________.

Accepted Answer

Children who have high academic self-esteem and motivation tend to credit their successes to their abilities, indicating a mastery-oriented attribution. They see their successes as a product of their own hard work and skill rather than luck or external factors. Choice A is incorrect because learned-helpless attributions suggest that the child has given up on their ability to succeed academically. Choice C is incorrect because externally focused attributions imply that the child believes their success is due to factors outside of their control. Choice D is incorrect because attributing success to luck does not show a strong sense of academic self-esteem and motivation.

Question 11

Between __________, children improve sharply in ability to distinguish pride from happiness and surprise.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Between __________, children improve sharply in ability...

Question 12

When Gwen does not do as well as Lela on a math test, she says, "Lela got lucky. I know I'm the best math student in the class and I studied for two nights!" Gwen is using __________.

Accepted Answer

Gwen is making attributions, or explanations for why Lela did better on the math test. She is attributing Lela's success to luck and not to her own ability or effort, which is a common attributional error.

Question 13

Which statement about influences on achievement-related attributions is accurate?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that when girls do not do well, they tend to receive messages from teachers and parents that their ability is at fault, whereas when boys do not do well, they may be given more specific feedback on how to improve. This can lead to girls attributing their lack of success to a lack of ability, rather than other factors such as effort or strategy.

Question 14

In __________ coping, children appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it.

Accepted Answer

Problem-centered coping involves children appraising a situation as changeable and identifying a difficulty to solve. This is in contrast to emotion-centered coping, where children focus on managing their emotional response to the situation instead of addressing the issue directly. Effort-centered coping involves children putting in effort to overcome the difficulty, while avoidant coping involves avoiding or ignoring the problem altogether.

Question 15

Nine-year-old Krista gives part of her allowance to charity and collects canned goods for the food bank through her scout troop. Krista is developing __________.

Accepted Answer

Krista is demonstrating empathy, as she is showing concern for others by giving part of her allowance to charity and collecting canned goods for the food bank. Pride may be another appropriate answer, but the emphasis on her concern for others suggests that empathy is the best choice. Guilt and inferiority do not fit the description of Krista's actions.

Question 16

Asians attend more to __________ than to __________.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Asians attend more to __________ than to...

Question 17

Despite their higher achievement, __________ often attribute poor performance to lack of __________.

Accepted Answer

Girls often attribute their poor performance to a lack of ability, even when they achieve higher than boys. This reflects a common issue of lower self-confidence or a fixed mindset regarding their own capabilities in certain areas.

Question 18

Which statement about attribution retraining is true?

Accepted Answer

Attribution retraining incorporates difficult tasks that may challenge children and result in some initial failure. However, repeated feedback helps children change their attributions and focus on mastering a task rather than just getting a good grade. This approach encourages more individual improvement and a growth mindset. The other options, A, C, and D, are not true statements about attribution retraining.

Question 19

Ten-year-old Lakisha is likely to experience __________ even when no adult is present.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Ten-year-old Lakisha is likely to experience __________...

Question 20

When John succeeds, his father says, "You're so smart!" However, when he fails, his father says, "You can't do that, can you? It's okay if you quit." John's father's messages could play a key role in John's adoption of a __________.

Accepted Answer

John's father's messages are reinforcing a fixed view of ability, where success is attributed to innate intelligence and failure is seen as a lack of ability. This can lead John to believe that his abilities are fixed and unchangeable, rather than fostering a growth mindset where he understands that hard work and perseverance can lead to improvement.

Quiz 10: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood