Question 1

____________ takes the position that the primary victims of crime are working-class people, who are being attacked from both above (crimes of the powerful) and from below (street crimes of the lower class).

Accepted Answer

Left realism is a perspective that acknowledges the impact of both street-level crime and crimes of the powerful on working-class individuals. It argues that both forms of crime have a disproportionate impact on working-class individuals and contributes to their victimization. Constitutive criminology focuses on how crime is defined and constructed, while cultural criminology examines how cultural factors contribute to crime. Critical race theory examines how race and racism intersect with crime and criminal justice. None of these theories address the specific issue of working-class victimization in the way that left realism does.

Question 2

____________ argues that crime and its control cannot be separated from the totality of the structural and cultural contexts in which it is produced.

Accepted Answer

Constitutive Criminology emphasizes the importance of understanding crime and its control within the wider social, economic, and cultural contexts in which they occur. It rejects the idea that crime is a fixed, objective phenomenon and instead views it as a social construction that is shaped by various social forces. Therefore, crime and its control cannot be understood in isolation but must be examined in relation to the broader social, economic, and cultural contexts in which they are produced.

Question 3

____________ is an orientation designed especially for critical engagement with the politics of meaning surrounding crime and crime control, and for critical intervention into those politics.

Accepted Answer

Cultural Criminology is focused on the interplay between cultural and crime dynamics, emphasizing the significance of understanding the symbolic aspects of crime and its control, as well as media and cultural influences.

Question 4

____________ questioned law and the courts whose judicial conclusions were seen as the outcome of dominant power structures.

Accepted Answer

Critical Race Theory questioned law and the courts, critiquing how judicial decisions are shaped by dominant power structures that perpetuate racial inequality.

Question 5

A postmodernist definition of crime includes harms created by the routine practices of our society's institutions, such as:

Accepted Answer

A postmodernist definition of crime includes all of the above institutions because they all have the potential to harm individuals and groups within society through their routine practices. For example, workplace discrimination or oppressive bureaucratic policies can harm individuals, while government and law can perpetuate systemic inequalities and injustices. The family, as a societal institution, can also perpetuate harmful practices such as domestic violence or child abuse. Therefore, a postmodernist analysis considers more than just traditional notions of crime, but also includes the broader structural and systemic harms present in society.

Question 6

Postmodernism is consistent with Heisenberg's ______________, that reality is affected by the observer such that what is real and true is less certain, less decidable.

Accepted Answer

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle is the theory that the act of observing a particle changes its behavior, and therefore reality is affected by the observer. Postmodernism embraces the idea that truth and reality are not objective and fixed, but rather subjective and malleable. Therefore, it aligns with the uncertainty principle.

Question 7

____________ is a form of analysis that exposes unquestioned assumptions and internal contradictions in language and arguments.

Accepted Answer

Deconstruction is a form of analysis that exposes hidden assumptions and contradictions within language and arguments. It aims to challenge established meanings and reveal unexpected interpretations. Edgework refers to activities or professions that involve high levels of risk or danger. Anarchism is a political philosophy that advocates for the abolition of all forms of government and authority. Abolitionism refers to the movement to abolish slavery and the slave trade.

Question 8

____________ is the term coined by Stephen Lyng to describe and explain the high-risk adrenaline-rush behavior of those who engage in a variety of deviant activities.

Accepted Answer

Stephen Lyng coined the term "edgework" to describe the high-risk adrenaline-seeking behavior of those who engage in deviant activities such as extreme sports, illicit drug use, and criminal behavior. Lyng suggests that edgework is a way for individuals to experience a sense of excitement and danger that is lacking in their everyday lives, often due to societal constraints and boredom.

Question 9

____________ refers to a belief in a society without rulers.

Accepted Answer

Anarchism refers to a belief in a society without rulers, meaning the absence of government or any other form of hierarchical authority. Deconstruction refers to a philosophical and critical movement that questions the assumptions and meaning of language and texts. Edgework refers to the voluntary pushing of boundaries, often for thrill or excitement. Abolitionism refers to the movement to abolish slavery or other forms of social injustice.

Question 10

______________ refers to removing punishment from criminal justice; it is rooted in the notion that punishment is never justified.

Accepted Answer

Abolitionism refers to the removal of punishment from criminal justice. It is the belief that punishment is not an acceptable form of criminal justice and should be eliminated altogether. This can include the abolition of prisons and other forms of punishment.

Question 11

Constitutive criminology refers to the victim as a ____________, with both untapped human potential and a damaged faith in humanity.

Accepted Answer

Constitutive criminology views the victim as a "recovering subject", acknowledging their human potential as well as the harm and damage done to them by the offender. This approach seeks to empower victims and give them agency in the criminal justice process. None of the other options accurately describe the victim's role in constitutive criminology.

Question 12

Constitutive criminology views the offender as an ___________ in the power to dominate others.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Constitutive criminology views the offender as an...

Question 13

Of particular interest is how and why the '___________' invokes a high degree of control and skill to avoid the extreme dangers, possibly death, in order to reap the 'pleasures of sensation and emotion' of the body.

Accepted Answer

The term "edgeworker" refers to individuals who engage in high-risk activities such as extreme sports or adrenaline-fueled experiences. This type of activity requires a high degree of skill and control in order to avoid danger, and the reward for successfully doing so is the thrill and excitement of the experience. The other answer choices are not relevant to the context of the question.

Question 14

____________ criminologists advocate nonviolent approaches to resolving the conflict of crime. They argue that instead of escalating the violence and conflict in our already violent society by responding to it with state violence and conflict in the form of penal sanctions, we need to de-escalate it by responding with forms of conciliation, mediation, and dispute settlement.

Accepted Answer

Peacemaking criminologists advocate for nonviolent approaches to resolving crime, including conciliation, mediation, and dispute settlement. They argue that responding to violence with more violence only escalates the conflict in our society. Choice A, Replacement discourse, is not a recognized theory or approach in criminology. Choice C, Restorative justice, does involve nonviolent approaches but has a specific focus on repairing harm and restoring relationships, rather than solely resolving conflict. Choice D, Reparation, refers to compensating victims for harms they have suffered, but does not necessarily address the conflict or root causes of crime.

Question 15

The term restorative justice was first coined by psychologist Albert Eglash when he was writing about ___________.

Accepted Answer

Albert Eglash first used the term "restorative justice" in the context of discussing "reparation," focusing on repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior through cooperative processes that include all stakeholders.

Question 16

Restorative justice is a victim-centered response to crime that allows the _____________ to address the harm caused by the crime.

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice involves the victim, offender, and representatives of the community in addressing the harm caused by the crime, making all of the options correct.

Question 17

Constitutive criminology calls for a justice policy of ____________ directed toward the dual process of deconstructing prevailing structures of meaning and displacing them with new conceptions, distinctions, words and phrases, which convey alternative meanings.

Accepted Answer

Constitutive criminology aims to challenge and deconstruct prevailing structures of meaning that justify and perpetuate criminalization and punishment. This involves developing new discourses and language that can articulate alternative ways of understanding and responding to crime and harm. Therefore, the policy called for is a replacement discourse that displaces dominant meanings and promotes new, more transformative conceptions of justice. Restorative justice and reparation are related but narrower concepts that focus on repairing harm and restoring relationships between victims and offenders, while peacemaking is a broader approach that emphasizes conflict resolution and community building.

Question 18

______________ calls for adopting practices that integrate offenders with victims and their community.

Accepted Answer

Restorative justice is a philosophy and practice that emphasizes repairing the harm caused by crime. It seeks to involve the offender, victim, and community in a collaborative effort to address the underlying causes of the crime and to promote healing and reconciliation. This can include practices such as victim-offender mediation, community conferencing, and restorative circles. Replacement discourse focuses on replacing old ideas with new ones, while peacemaking emphasizes finding nonviolent resolutions to conflicts. Reparation involves making amends or compensating for harm done, but does not necessarily involve the offender or community in the process.

Question 19

To complete the picture of crime, left realism argues that it is essential to include both victims and offenders in their relationships to each other, to the state's criminal justice agencies, and to the general public.

Accepted Answer

Left realism does argue for including both victims and offenders in understanding the nature of crime, and examining their relationships to various institutions and groups.

Question 20

Left realists believe that the polarizing effects of capitalism divide societies into the 'haves' and 'have nots while simultaneously promoting competitive individualism and greed.

Accepted Answer

Left realists argue that capitalism creates economic inequality and individualistic values that magnify social divisions.

Quiz 12: New Directions in Critical Criminological Theory

____________ takes the position that the primary victims of crime are working-class people, who are being attacked from both above (crimes of the powerful) and from below (street crimes of the lower class) .