Question 1

___________ are intentional acts or omissions in violation of criminal law, committed without defense or justification, and sanctioned by the state as a felony or misdemeanor.

Accepted Answer

Crimes are defined as intentional acts or omissions in violation of criminal law that are committed without defense or justification, and are punished by the state as either a felony or misdemeanor. Laws refer to legal rules and regulations that govern human conduct, while deviant acts refer to behaviors that are socially or culturally unacceptable but may not necessarily be illegal. Victims are individuals who have been harmed or injured as a result of criminal activity.

Question 2

Crimes are acts that are ___________ by criminal law.

Accepted Answer

Crimes are prohibited by criminal law, which means that they are not allowed or forbidden. They are also prosecuted, which means that the government takes legal action against the person who committed the crime. In addition, crimes are punished, which means that there are consequences for committing them, such as imprisonment or fines. Therefore, all the choices are correct.

Question 3

___________ theorists believe that there is agreement between most people of all economic, social, and political positions about what behaviors are unacceptable and what should be labeled criminal.

Accepted Answer

Consensus theorists believe that there is a general consensus among members of society about what behaviors are unacceptable and should be labeled as criminal. This view suggests that the majority of individuals in a society agree on moral and ethical standards that should be upheld and enforced by the criminal justice system.

Question 4

__________ criminology criticizes the overall kind of society in which we live and suggests we replace it with a socialist system.

Accepted Answer

Critical criminology views crime as a product of the capitalist system and suggests that a socialist society would be more just and equal, reducing crime rates. It is critical of the overall structure of society, particularly in terms of power and economic inequality.

Question 5

___________ theory is a perspective that rejects claims that any body of knowledge is true or can be true. Instead, its advocates believe that "claims to know" are simply power plays by some to dominate others.

Accepted Answer

Postmodern theory rejects the idea that any knowledge can be considered objective or true, and instead asserts that all claims to knowledge are relative and influenced by factors like power dynamics and cultural context. It is skeptical of the notion of objective truth and critical of traditional academic and scientific methods.

Question 6

___________ theory is based on the idea that, rather than being similar, people are different and struggle over their differences. According to this theory, society is made up of groups that compete with one another over scarce resources. The conflict over different interests produces differing definitions of crime. These definitions are determined by the group in power and are used to further its needs and consolidate its power.

Accepted Answer

The description provided aligns with the Conflict theory, which emphasizes the idea that societal groups are in competition with each other over resources, leading to differing definitions of crime based on the interests and power of the dominant group.

Question 7

Crimes are not produced by legislation alone. In fact, judicial interpretation also determines what is or is not crime. Judicial decisions can also be___________.

Accepted Answer

Judicial decisions can be appealed, overturned, or revised by higher courts or legislative action. Therefore, all the options are correct.

Question 8

___________ theorists believe that, when power is determined by wealth, the conflict is considered class-based. Groups that acquire power through political or economic manipulation and exploitation place legal constraints on those without power. Crime is rooted in the vast differences of wealth and power associated with class divisions.

Accepted Answer

The description matches the perspective of Marxist conflict theorists who view class as the primary source of conflict in society, with those who hold economic power exerting control over those without it. This unequal distribution of power and resources leads to crime and social harm.

Question 9

___________ theory provides the framework for reconnecting crime and its control with the society from which it is conceptually and institutionally constructed by human agents.

Accepted Answer

Constitutive criminological theory emphasizes the importance of social context and human agency in the creation and maintenance of the criminal justice system, and suggests that crime cannot be understood without considering the larger social, economic, and political forces at work. This theory thus seeks to reconnect crime and its control with the broader society in which they are situated, and to address the underlying systemic causes of crime rather than simply punishing individual offenders.

Question 10

___________ theorists believe that criminology should not merely focus on crime but also include violations of culture norms, that is, behaviors that are considered standard for a specific cultural group.

Accepted Answer

Cultural conflict theorists argue that criminology should expand its focus beyond just legal definitions of crime to include behaviors that violate cultural norms, recognizing that what is considered criminal or deviant can vary significantly across different cultures.

Question 11

According to cultural conflict theory, ___________ conflict occurs when a person raised in one culture is transposed into a different one. This person may follow traditional cultural norms; acting on such traditional norms may violate the norms of the host country.

Accepted Answer

Primary conflict occurs when an individual from one culture is placed into another culture, leading to potential clashes between their traditional norms and the norms of the host culture.

Question 12

According to cultural conflict theory, ___________ conflict occurs between groups of people who live in the same geographic area but create their own distinct value systems. Where these clash, conflict and norm violations occur.

Accepted Answer

According to the description, the conflict described fits the criteria for secondary conflict. Primary conflict involves conflict between individuals or groups with different cultures, while tertiary conflict involves conflict between larger social systems. Deviant conflict is not a recognized category within cultural conflict theory.

Question 13

When power is determined by wealth, the conflict is considered class based. Analysis of this type of conflict is founded on principles outlined by nineteenth-century social philosopher ___________. In this conflict theory, the definition of crime focuses on conflicts that arise in capitalist society.

Accepted Answer

The principles outlined by nineteenth-century social philosopher that this question refers to is Karl Marx's theory of class struggle, and his analysis of society is largely founded on the idea of conflict between social classes. In Marx's theory, power is determined by wealth, which creates a class-based conflict. Additionally, Marx's definition of crime focuses on conflicts that arise in capitalist society. Therefore, the best answer is B) Karl Marx.

Question 14

With regard to victimizations not reported to the police between the years of 2006 and 2010, the crime of ___________ is the least reported crime.

Accepted Answer

The answer of With regard to victimizations not reported to...

Question 15

With regard to victimizations not reported to the police between the years of 2006 and 2010, the crime of ___________ is the most reported crime.

Accepted Answer

The answer of With regard to victimizations not reported to...

Question 16

To solve the problems with Hagan's crime pyramid, Henry and Lanier have redesigned the visual structure of this depiction of crime by making it a double pyramid or what they call the crime ___________.

Accepted Answer

The passage states that Henry and Lanier have redesigned the visual structure of Hagan's crime pyramid by making it a “double pyramid,” which they call the “crime prism.” Therefore, the correct answer is C) prism. The other answer choices - panopticon, prison, and polygon - are not mentioned in the passage as potential redesigns for the crime pyramid.

Question 17

Marxist conflict theorists are furthest away from the view that law should define the content of crime. Instead, they argue that any behavior that causes ___________ is a crime.

Accepted Answer

Marxist conflict theorists believe that the law is used to oppress the lower classes and serve the interests of the ruling class. Therefore, they argue that the content of crime should not be defined by the law, but rather by the harm caused to individuals or society as a whole. They see the criminal justice system as a tool of social control that perpetuates inequality by punishing the poor and marginalized while allowing the rich and powerful to evade responsibility for harmful actions.

Question 18

According to constitutive criminologists, ________________.

Accepted Answer

Constitutive criminologists believe that crime is about power relations and the ability of one person or group to exert control over others, often denying them their humanity and ability to make a difference. This encompasses all three options listed.

Question 19

An important consideration when defining crime is the observation that crime is contextual. Criminal harm takes different forms depending on the historical period, specific context, social setting, location, or situation in which it occurs.

Accepted Answer

Criminal harm is not a fixed concept and its definition is influenced by the context in which it occurs. Different societies, cultures, and time periods may have different perspectives on what constitutes a crime, and what actions are considered criminal may vary depending on the specific context in which they occur. For example, behaviors that are considered criminal in one location or culture may be legal or even encouraged in another. Therefore, it is important to consider the context in which crime occurs when defining and understanding it.

Question 20

Most criminologists have traditionally relied on the legal conception of crime, which defines crime as behavior in violation of criminal law and liable for sanctioning by the criminal justice system.

Accepted Answer

This statement is true. Most criminologists have traditionally used the legal concept of crime, which is defined as behavior that violates criminal law and is subject to punishment by the criminal justice system.

Quiz 2: What Is Crime