Question 1

Which of the following statements about changes in gender-related traits of females over recent years is/are correct?

Accepted Answer

All of the statements are correct. Females have been encouraged to become more assertive and have had more opportunities to develop agentic skills. These changes are related to their social experiences and have resulted in changes in their personal sense of gender.

Question 2

Research on gender-related traits shows that psychological adjustment is most strongly related to:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research on gender-related traits shows that psychological...

Question 3

Some feminists criticize the concept of androgyny. Which of the following is not one of their criticisms?

Accepted Answer

Feminists who criticize the concept of androgyny tend to argue that it maintains gender divisions rather than eliminating them, sets unrealistic expectations, and does not address the greater cultural value placed on male activities. However, they do not typically argue that androgyny over-emphasizes the value of femininity in comparison to masculinity.

Question 4

Jayne Stake examined behaviors that respondents used to cope with dual demands in the workplace. Her findings showed that:

Accepted Answer

Jayne Stake's findings showed that androgynous coping (combining communal and agentic behaviors) was more beneficial than either communal or agentic coping alone in dealing with dual demands in the workplace.

Question 5

Research on gender attitudes indicates that:

Accepted Answer

Research shows that college students generally have more progressive views on women's employment roles but still hold somewhat traditional views when it comes to balancing work and family roles. Additionally, it is commonly found that White men tend to hold more traditional beliefs about gender roles compared to White women.

Question 6

Cross-cultural research on gender attitudes indicates that the most egalitarian attitudes have been found in:

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that the most egalitarian attitudes towards gender can be found in northern European countries such as Sweden, Norway, and the Netherlands. These countries have taken intentional steps towards gender equality, including policies such as generous parental leave, affordable childcare, and equal pay laws. While African countries and Asian countries have made progress towards gender equality, they still face systemic challenges and cultural norms that limit women's opportunities and rights. The U.S. has also made progress towards gender equality, but there are still significant gaps in terms of pay, leadership positions, and representation in certain fields.

Question 7

Which group of women has the most egalitarian gender attitudes?

Accepted Answer

Research has shown that Black women often hold more egalitarian gender attitudes compared to other racial and ethnic groups, likely due to historical and cultural factors that emphasize resilience and independence.

Question 8

According to research on ethnic variations in gender attitudes and gender roles, which of the following is/are correct?

Accepted Answer

Research suggests that for many Native American groups, increasing involvement in dominant U.S. culture has led to an increase in patriarchy, rather than a decrease in traditional gender roles and attitudes. Option A is incorrect because research has indicated that among Latinas, the greater the acculturation into dominant U.S. culture, the less traditional the gender beliefs. Option C is also incorrect, as research suggests that Black women's attitudes about gender-related roles and behaviors are actually less traditional than those of women of some other ethnicities. Option D is incorrect as only option B is true.

Question 9

The first woman to be elected and to serve as principal chief of the Cherokee nation was:

Accepted Answer

Wilma Mankiller was the first woman to be elected and serve as principal chief of the Cherokee nation, serving from 1985-1995. Devon Mihesuah, Stephanie Sellers, and Lynn Malerba do not hold this distinction.

Question 10

Which of the following demographic and personality characteristics is/are related to differences in gender attitudes?

Accepted Answer

All of the above demographic and personality characteristics are related to differences in gender attitudes. Research has shown that individuals with different religious beliefs, social class backgrounds, and levels of authoritarianism hold differing gender attitudes. For example, those with more conservative religious beliefs may hold more traditional gender role beliefs, while those from higher social class backgrounds may be more likely to support gender equity. Additionally, those with higher levels of authoritarianism may be more likely to hold sexist attitudes.

Question 11

Which of the following characteristics is associated with more nontraditional gender-role attitudes?

Accepted Answer

Research has consistently shown that individuals who are less religiously committed, have higher social class and educational levels, and higher academic achievement tend to endorse less traditional gender-role attitudes.

Question 12

The study that asked college students to list advantages and disadvantages associated with being the other gender found that disadvantages associated with being female included all of the following except:

Accepted Answer

The study found that female disadvantages included pressure to be attractive, discrimination in the workplace, and reproductive processes. The disadvantage of pressure to be successful was not mentioned in the list.

Question 13

___________ contends that the reason people have more negative evaluations of males who engage in female-stereotypic behaviors than of females who engage in male-stereotypic behaviors is that the male gender role is more highly valued.

Accepted Answer

The social status hypothesis suggests that people have more negative evaluations of males who engage in female-stereotypic behaviors than of females who engage in male-stereotypic behaviors because the male gender role is associated with higher social status.

Question 14

Which is not true of the concept of precarious manhood?

Accepted Answer

Precarious manhood is not an ascribed status, as it is based on the societal expectations and norms surrounding masculinity and manhood rather than a trait or characteristic that is inherently present in an individual. The other options are true: precarious manhood is an achieved status that is difficult to attain and easy to lose, based on the ways in which individuals must consistently prove their masculinity to themselves and others to maintain their status as a "real man."

Question 15

The sexual orientation hypothesis and the social status hypothesis both attempt to explain why:

Accepted Answer

The sexual orientation hypothesis and the social status hypothesis suggest that males receive more negative evaluations for cross-gender behaviors because such behaviors challenge traditional gender norms and threaten male social status.

Question 16

Discuss the stages of prenatal sex differentiation; show that you understand the processes involved in each stage.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the stages of prenatal sex differentiation;...

Question 17

Define intersexuality and describe any two disorders that result in intersexuality. For each one, show that you understand the physical basis for the atypical physical development that characterizes the disorder.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Define intersexuality and describe any two disorders...

Question 18

Research on intersexuals and females with Turner syndrome have examined the role of prenatal factors on gender-related development. Conclusions of these studies have not been consistent. Discuss the mixed evidence in relation to nonsexual gender-related attributes, gender identity, and sexual orientation.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Research on intersexuals and females with Turner...

Question 19

Give reasons why the Accord Alliance recommends that genital surgery be delayed until adolescence.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Give reasons why the Accord Alliance recommends...

Question 20

Discuss the different attitudes toward multiple genders shown by Western and some non-Western cultures.

Accepted Answer

The answer of Discuss the different attitudes toward multiple genders...

Quiz 3: Gender Self-Concept: Developmental Processes and Individual Differences