Question 1

John Dewey preferred to call his own philosophy as -----

Accepted Answer

John Dewey preferred to call his own philosophy "Experimentalism," which emphasizes learning through experience and the importance of empirical research and experimentation in education.

Question 2

Essays in Experimental Logic is the work of ----------

Accepted Answer

Essays in Experimental Logic is a collection of essays written by John Dewey. They reflect his work on logic and its application to the scientific method and are a significant contribution to the field of philosophy.

Question 3

Pragmatism rejects --------

Accepted Answer

Pragmatism rejects abstraction because it emphasizes practical consequences and real-world applications over theoretical concepts.

Question 4

--------- French philosopher and the founder of positivism.

Accepted Answer

Auguste Comte is recognized as the French philosopher who founded positivism, a philosophical and scientific approach that asserts the only authentic knowledge is that which is based on actual experience and positive affirmation.

Question 5

Wittgenstein's Tractatus .influenced ---------- PhilosophY.

Accepted Answer

Wittgenstein's Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus had a significant influence on the logical positivists, particularly the Vienna Circle, who were deeply interested in the logical structure of language and its implications for knowledge and science.

Question 6

Pseudo-words or pseudo statements violating the rules of -------- positivism

Accepted Answer

Logical positivism is a philosophy that emphasizes the importance of empirical evidence and logical reasoning, and it rejects pseudo-statements that cannot be tested or falsified through empirical observation.

Question 7

Who said that science is not about verifying hypotheses or theories, but falsifying them?

Accepted Answer

Karl Popper is known for his philosophy of science, particularly the concept that scientific theories cannot be verified but can only be falsified. This approach emphasizes the importance of falsifiability as a criterion for demarcating science from non-science.

Question 8

Who was not a major proponent of logical positivism in the Vienna Circle?

Accepted Answer

Meinong was not a major proponent of logical positivism in the Vienna Circle. Logical positivism was a philosophical movement that emerged in the early 20th century, primarily associated with the Vienna Circle, which included philosophers such as Rudolf Carnap, Ludwig Wittgenstein, and A.J. Ayer. They focused on the verification principle and the logical analysis of language. Alexius Meinong, on the other hand, was known for his theory of objects, which is not directly aligned with the principles of logical positivism.

Question 9

The positivists today have rejected the so-called-------- school of philosophy prefer to call themselves logical empiricists.

Accepted Answer

The Vienna Circle was a group of philosophers and scientists who contributed significantly to the development of logical positivism, a philosophical movement that emphasizes the importance of empirical evidence and logical reasoning. The term "logical empiricists" is often used interchangeably with "logical positivists" to describe members of this movement, distinguishing their approach from earlier philosophical schools.

Question 10

The founder of legal positivism was --------

Accepted Answer

Jeremy Bentham is recognized as the founder of legal positivism, a philosophical theory of law that holds that laws are rules made by human beings and that there is no inherent or necessary connection between law and morality. Bentham's work laid the foundation for this approach, emphasizing the role of law as a tool for social engineering and the importance of legal reform based on utilitarian principles.

Question 11

The philosophy of the Vienna Circle is broadly equivalent to ------

Accepted Answer

The Vienna Circle's philosophy is broadly equivalent to logical positivism, which emphasizes the verification principle and the logical analysis of scientific knowledge.

Question 12

-------- divides all meaningful propositions into two categories: analytic propositions and synthetic propositions.

Accepted Answer

Logical positivism, a philosophical movement that emerged in the early 20th century, divides propositions into analytic (true by virtue of their meaning) and synthetic (true by virtue of how their meaning relates to the world).

Question 13

Ernst Mach is an ------ philosopher.

Accepted Answer

Ernst Mach is best known as an empiricist philosopher, emphasizing the importance of sensory experience and observation in the formation of knowledge.

Question 14

In the United States, ----- rejected the distinction between analytic and synthetic propositions that was essential to early analytic philosophy.

Accepted Answer

Quine famously challenged the analytic-synthetic distinction in his paper "Two Dogmas of Empiricism," arguing that the distinction was untenable and that our knowledge is a web of belief that does not allow for a clear separation between analytic truths (true by virtue of meaning) and synthetic truths (true by virtue of facts about the world).

Question 15

In philosophy of language, who adapted the theory of truth for formalized languages to provide a semantic theory of meaning for natural languages?

Accepted Answer

Alfred Tarski adapted the theory of truth for formalized languages to provide a semantic theory of meaning for natural languages, significantly influencing the philosophy of language and logic.

Question 16

Russell's important article ----- refers to definite and indefinite descriptions.

Accepted Answer

"On Denoting" is the article by Bertrand Russell that refers to definite and indefinite descriptions, introducing his theory of descriptions.

Quiz 5: Philosophy and Philosophers