Question 1

Adults are capable of abstract thought. In contrast, children are concrete thinkers, meaning they are able to think about things in "here and now." Which is an example of a concrete way of thinking?

Accepted Answer

Concrete thinkers look at ideas or objects singularly, without the ability to identify it or them as a representation of a more general category. Concrete thinking is more literal than abstract thinking, focused on physical objects.

Question 2

Individuals can experience feelings of bereavement when they __________ . Choose all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Individuals most commonly suffer bereavement stemming from a death; bereavement can also occur as a result of a divorce, a break-up, or the loss of one's own or someone else's health.

Question 3

According to Erikson's trust vs. mistrust stage of development, why might a child grow up transferring a feeling of mistrust from relationship to relationship?

Accepted Answer

Inconsistent or unpredictable parenting in a child's first year of life can lead to a child's sense of insecurity, and a basic feeling of mistrust. This core belief that people cannot be trusted manifests over time, including in relationships, whether intimate, peer or otherwise.

Question 4

When you think of the color white, you think of something pure, innocent, and unpolluted. This is an example of a __________ .

Accepted Answer

Symbolic representation is the process of articulating thoughts and ideas in a symbolic manner, through the use of arbitrary representations.

Question 5

__________ syndromes were previously thought of as a kind of folklore to explain certain symptoms. Yet in reality they are ways to describe, and give meaning to a wide variety of calamities, and hardships.

Accepted Answer

Culture-bound syndromes are culturally specific, and help individuals, in some way, make sense of certain symptoms being experienced.

Question 6

Although schizophrenia is considered a mental disorder that is culturally universal, symptomology varies from culture to culture. Beyond the variance in symptomology focus, culture also impacts the __________ of schizophrenia. Choose all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Schizophrenia, as with other mental disorders, can be considered both culturally universal, and still have culture variant elements. Culture may impact symptom description (hearing voices in the United States vs. being possessed by evil spirits in some African countries). Culture may also affect the diagnosis of such disorders, as the clinician can be swayed by their own cultural biases. Treatment of schizophrenia, and other psychiatric disorders, may look different dependent on the culture including medications used, doses given, and even the method of medication management (via a doctor, family member, etc.)

Question 7

Women are more likely to develop depression than men. What factors may contribute to the higher prevalence of depression in women? Choose all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Women are affected by depression more frequently than men. Although depression can be genetically inherited, it is also thought that women experience depression at higher rates for other reasons. Hormonal changes during puberty, and pre-menstrual times are contributing factors. Also associated with hormone changes is pregnancy. Pregnant women may experience lifestyle changes during this time in areas of work, relationships, and social support, leading to increased susceptibility to depression. Also pertinent is the stress around potential miscarriage, or difficulty becoming pregnant.

Question 8

Honesty is an important aspect of becoming a skilled multicultural counselor as it __________ .

Accepted Answer

In order for a multicultural counselor to work effectively with clients from different backgrounds and cultures, it is imperative to get honest with oneself about personal biases, and prejudices. Denying, or ignoring personal biases prevents a counselor from developing an honest, and authentic personal identity.

Question 9

As a clinician working with clients from non-western cultures, being aware of communication styles, including non-verbal and indirect communication, body language, and implied meanings, is vital. This type of communication is common in __________ cultures.

Accepted Answer

High-context cultures (including Asia, Africa, and much of the Middle East) emphasize communication that is more focused on facial expressions, gestures, and voice tone rather than the verbalized word. Low-context cultures put the emphasis on discussions, which includes facts, logic, and action.

Question 10

Why is cognitive therapy a useful approach for clients from many different cultures, and backgrounds? Choose all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive therapy is a beneficial approach to use when working with clients from different cultures or backgrounds. The cognitive approach is based in the belief that therapy must be tailored to the individual need. This allows cognitive therapists access to a wide-array of interventions and techniques, to adapt for the client. Because cognitive therapy approaches the client as an individual, rather than as a part of a larger group, a cognitive clinician pays attention to client-specific behaviors. This provides a different way to understand the client, rather than depending solely on language.

Question 11

A counselor wants to use the empty chair technique with a new client of Asian descent. The client is having difficulty expressing the anger she has towards her father, throughout the course of this exercise. Why might this exercise be challenging for this client?

Accepted Answer

In most Asian cultures, the interactions one has with elders, and particularly parents, is limited to respectful exchanges, deferring to the authority of those individuals.

Question 12

A clinician's worldview always includes __________ .

Accepted Answer

A clinician's worldview, just as anyone's worldview, is made up of experiences, morals, values, interactions with others, and experiences with discrimination, and bias. Nobody is 100% free of prejudice or bias, including mental health professionals. Because of this, it is important for these individuals to identify their own personal distortions, biases, and preconceptions.

Question 13

Environment plays a large role in human growth and development. What factors of environment are attributed to this? Choose all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Numerous factors associated with one's environment can impact growth and development, including but not limited to: altitude, temperature, and climate; food supply and proper nutrition; urbanization, modernization, and sanitation.

Question 14

An ambitious amateur violinist is able to learn a difficult piece of music when working with her mentor. Yet, on her own, she struggles with the same piece of music. Over time, while working with her mentor, she is eventually able to master the piece even when she is not with her mentor. This example fits the concept of __________ .

Accepted Answer

The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), developed by Lev Vygotsky, refers to the variance in a person's capability of performing, or learning a specific task independently, vs. with guidance and support. Scaffolding refers to the individually tailored support, and instruction given to a specific individual.

Question 15

According to Erikson's autonomy vs. shame stage, toddlers need to begin to assert their independence. Parents and caregivers can either support, or discourage this independence. If a parent or caregiver is overly __________ of the child, the result can be feelings of inadequacy and increased dependence on others.

Accepted Answer

Toddlers learn independence, confidence, and experience security through beginning to explore the world on their own. Parents or caregivers who encourage this independence (perhaps through letting the toddler pick out his or her own clothes) help the toddler become appropriately autonomous. Parents or caregivers who are overly critical or extremely controlling hamper this independence. This can leave the toddler feeling insecure, self-conscious, and often more dependent on others, than a toddler who experiences healthy independence for this stage of development.

Question 16

Which is an example of the distorted thinking through emotional reasoning?

Accepted Answer

Cognitive therapy focuses on the various cognitive distortions that impact the way individuals feel about themselves. Emotional reasoning is a distortion that causes people to think that what they feel must be accurate or true: "I feel stupid, therefore I am stupid."

Question 17

Why is cognitive therapy effective for clients struggling with depression? Choose all that apply.

Accepted Answer

Cognitive therapy centers on the cognitive distortions people have that create negative impacts on their self-worth, and self-esteem. Helping an individual identify, and challenge those automatic, negative thoughts are integral to improving their mental well-being.

Question 18

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) are typically used with clients suffering from PTSD. Yet, EMDR is also used to treat __________ . Choose all that apply.

Accepted Answer

EMDR is primarily used with PTSD clients, yet has also been shown effective for clients suffering from eating disorders, or panic attacks. This may or may not be due to the fact that eating disorders are often associated with early childhood traumas, and panic attacks can be a symptom of PTSD.

Question 19

What is a common drawback of using a self-report personality test?

Accepted Answer

Individuals often want to convey, or present themselves a certain way. This can become evident when an individual takes a self-report personality test, as certain characteristics can be magnetized or minimized.

Question 20

Phrenology posits that different __________ areas have specific __________ .

Accepted Answer

Phrenology, an offshoot of psychology, studied the human skull, and explored the different areas of brain as having specific functions or purposes. This pseudoscience is now obsolete.

Quiz 2: Assessment And-Diagnosis