In Which of the Following Gaps of the Gap Model

In which of the following gaps of the Gap Model of Service Quality can a lack of the right customer data wreak havoc on service delivery?

A) Gap 1: management's perceptions of customer service expectations versus actual customer expectations of service
B) Gap 2: management's perceptions of customer service expectations versus the actual service quality specifications developed
C) Gap 3: actual service quality specifications versus actual service delivery
D) Gap 4: actual service delivery versus what the firm communicates it delivers
E) Gap 5: perceived service by customers versus actual customer expectations of service