Question 1

Motivation
-Laura is the first in her family to attend college. She comes from a poor family in a bad neighborhood, where most teens and young adults never attend college. Still, she has a strong sense that she has what it takes to succeed. Laura earns an "A" on her first exam and feels more confident than ever in her abilities. Which component of self-efficacy does this describe?

Accepted Answer

Mastery experiences are experiences where an individual succeeds in meeting a goal, raising their self-efficacy. Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to achieve a goal. In this example, Laura strongly believes in her own abilities to successfully complete college. People with high self-efficacy, such as Laura, often put forth great effort to meet their goals. On the other hand, individuals with low self-efficacy often put forth less effort, and avoid situations where they believe they cannot be successful. In this example, earning an A on an exam is a mastery experience for Laura, strengthening her belief in her ability to succeed.

Question 2

Motivation
-Laura is the first in her family to attend college. She comes from a poor family in a bad neighborhood, where most teens and young adults never attend college. Still, she has a strong sense that she has what it takes to succeed. After hearing that Laura was accepted to the local university, her favorite teacher says, "Congratulations, Laura. You can do this!" Which component of self-efficacy does this describe?

Accepted Answer

Verbal persuasion refers to encouraging feedback or communication. Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to achieve a goal. In this example, Laura strongly believes in her own abilities to successfully complete college. People with high self-efficacy, such as Laura, often put forth great effort to meet their goals. On the other hand, individuals with low self-efficacy often put forth less effort, and avoid situations where they believe they cannot be successful. In this example, the encouragement from her teacher strengthens Laura's belief in her ability to succeed.

Question 3

Motivation
-Laura is the first in her family to attend college. She comes from a poor family in a bad neighborhood, where most teens and young adults never attend college. Still, she has a strong sense that she has what it takes to succeed. After becoming very stressed, Laura does poorly on an exam and wonders if attending college was a mistake. Which component of self-efficacy does this describe?

Accepted Answer

Emotional state refers to the way a person is feeling emotionally. A positive emotional state can boost self-efficacy, while a negative emotional state can damage it. Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their ability to achieve a goal. In this example, Laura strongly believes in her own abilities to successfully complete college. People with high self-efficacy, such as Laura, often put forth great effort to meet their goals. On the other hand, individuals with low self-efficacy often put forth less effort, and avoid situations where they believe they cannot be successful. In this example, stress leads to a poor performance for Laura and undermines her self-efficacy.

Question 4

Motivation
-During a famous experiment, three groups of dogs were observed. The first group of dogs was placed in harnesses while the second group of dogs was fitted with shock collars and all were placed in boxes with a foot-operated switch. These dogs could stop a series of painful shocks at any time by pressing the switch. The third group of dogs was also fitted with shock collars and placed in boxes with a foot-operated switch, but the switches did not work and the dogs had no control over the duration or intensity of each electric shock. Eventually, the dogs in the third group stopped pressing the switch. These dogs became passive and depressed. What theory explains the behavior of the dogs in the third group?

Accepted Answer

Learned helplessness occurs when a person or animal is unable to control aversive situations and eventually stops trying to control them. In this example, the dogs in the third group were helpless to stop the painful electric shocks. Therefore, they eventually stopped trying.

Question 5

Motivation
-In 1968, Iowa schoolteacher Jane Elliot conducted a famous experiment on the children in her class. Mrs. Elliot segregated the brown-eyed children from the blue-eyed children and instructed the class that the blue-eyed children were superior. The blue-eyed children were given privileges, such as increased recess time and extra food at lunch. The brown-eyed children had to wear brown fabric around their necks so they could be easily identified on the playground. The blue eyed-children began treating the brown-eyed children as inferior almost immediately, taunting them and ordering them around. The next day, the roles were reversed and the class was instructed that the brown-eyed children were superior. The brown-eyed children began behaving accordingly. What does this experiment illustrate?

Accepted Answer

The Pygmalion effect describes how a person performs according to the expectations placed on them. In this example, Jane Elliot told the children that the blue-eyed children were superior to the brown\-eyed children. Immediately, the children of both eye colors behaved as if this were so. The Pygmalion effect is common in education, where children often perform to the expectations of their teacher.

Question 6

Motivation
-Lee is a junior high school teacher. She is told that her first period English class is an honors class and that the students are high achievers. She is also told that her second period class is remedial and the students had previously failed English courses. Mrs. Lee plans her class work accordingly, challenging the honors class and assigning remedial work to the struggling class. At the end of the term, the honors class performs much better than the remedial class. Mrs. Lee is then told that the students in both classes are average and performed the same in previous assessments. What does this experiment illustrate?

Accepted Answer

The Pygmalion effect describes how a person performs according to the expectations placed on them. In this example, Mrs. Lee believed that there was a disparity between the abilities and performance of her two classes. The class that she challenged performed better than the class she treated as remedial.

Question 7

Motivation
-Tammy buys a bumper sticker for her car that says, "If it feels good, do it." What term does this bumper sticker illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Hedonism is defined as the pursuit of pleasure and the avoidance of pain. Hedonism is often a source of motivation for many behaviors, as almost all humans and animals prefer pleasure to pain. Today, hedonism is typically associated with the pursuit of sensory pleasures, such as sex or alcohol, but Greek philosophers emphasized that hedonism was the pursuit of pleasure for the greater good.

Question 8

Motivation
-In all cultures, humans need food, air, and shelter. Humans in all cultures also need protection from danger, opportunities to reproduce, and space for growth. Although the cultural response to these needs differs from place to place, basic survival needs remain the same across cultures. What concept does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Universal motives refer to motives that are common among all people in all cultures and across all time periods. The method of meeting these needs often vary by culture. For example, a house in Zimbabwe may be very different from a house in Canada, but they both meet the same need for shelter, protection, and cleanliness.

Question 9

Motivation
-Kevin is our years old. When his mother serves him food he has never seen or tasted before, he refuses to eat it. He loves familiar foods with mild flavor such as mashed potatoes or macaroni and cheese. What concept does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Food neophobia is the universal tendency for humans to prefer familiar foods to novel foods. Individuals vary in their degree of neophobia and this tendency decreases with experience in trying new foods. Neophobia stems from an innate motivation for survival. Early humans needed protection from poisonous or otherwise dangerous foods. Today, neophobia can prevent people from making healthier diet choices.

Question 10

Motivation
-When Heather was three years old, she came down with the flu shortly after eating watermelon. 30 years later, she still avoids watermelon and feels sick when she smells it. What concept does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Conditioned taste aversion is an intense dislike for a food because of its association with nausea. Conditioned taste aversion is an evolutionary motivation that helped early humans avoid poisonous foods. Experiments have found that rats also experience conditioned taste aversion, regardless of the sweetness or sourness of the liquid that causes nausea.

Question 11

Motivation
-Corey went out to a restaurant and ate his favorite meal. Before his plate was clean, he felt very full and decided to stop eating. What does this illustrate?

Accepted Answer

Satiety is the sensation of feeling full that most often occurs when the stomach is full or distended with food. Satiety is a common motive for people and animals to stop eating. Although a feeling of satiety may not last long, many people rely on the memory of satiety. In this example, if Corey were to be invited to dinner 20 minutes after leaving the restaurant, he may say "No thanks, I just ate," even if he no longer feels full.

Question 12

Motivation
-Alison is under a lot of pressure. She ran out of time to write a paper for class and when she tried to print it, she found she was out of ink. With only 30 minutes before class, she tried to drive to the store to buy ink but found the battery in her car had died. With no time to complete and print the assignment before class and no money to fix the car, Alison went back into her dorm and ate a gallon of ice cream by herself. What term describes running out of time, ink, and money in this story?

Accepted Answer

Strain refers to a lack of resources for a person to meet demands to avoid negative consequences. In this example, Alison does not have the resources to finish her paper, print her paper, drive or repair her car. Strain often leads to stress, which is an inability to meet demands. Stress can be dangerous to physical and psychological well-being.

Question 13

Motivation
-Alison is under a lot of pressure. She ran out of time to write a paper for class and when she tried to print it, she found she was out of ink. With only 30 minutes before class, she tried to drive to the store to buy ink but found the battery in her car had died. With no time to complete and print the assignment before class and no money to fix the car, Alison went back into her dorm and ate a gallon of ice cream by herself. What term describes eating ice cream instead of attending class?

Accepted Answer

Coping refers to behaviors intended to help meet life's demands and their consequences. In this example, Alison felt she did not have the resources to meet her demands, so she coped by staying home and eating ice cream. Stress occurs when a person does not have the coping skills to meet demands. Stress can be dangerous to physical and psychological well-being.

Question 14

Motivation
-Sasha works for a school district in a very poor neighborhood. The teachers complain that the students have a hard time listening and paying attention in class. School performance is very poor. Sasha starts a free breakfast program in her school. Every morning, children are given the opportunity to eat before starting class. Soon, performance begins to increase. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which type of need is Sasha helping students fulfill?

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow, human needs are arranged in five tiers. A higher level need cannot be met until all lower level needs are met. The first and most basic needs that must be met are physiological needs. In this example, Sasha is helping students meet physiological needs by feeding them breakfast. Without their physical needs being met, students cannot attend to higher needs such as safety, belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

Question 15

Motivation
-Sasha works for a school district in a very poor neighborhood. The teachers complain that the students have a hard time listening and paying attention in class. School performance is very poor. Sasha starts a free breakfast program in her school, which helps student performance but she learns that children are still struggling because they have nowhere safe to go after school. Sasha therefore begins an after-school program where students can work on homework and play until their parents are home from work. Soon, performance begins to increase. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which type of need is Sasha meeting by starting the after-school program?

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow, human needs are arranged in five tiers. A higher level need cannot be met until all lower level needs are fulfilled. The most basic needs that must be met are physiological needs. Humans are next motivated to meet safety needs. In this example, Sasha is helping students meet safety needs by providing a safe place to study and play. Without fulfilling this need, students cannot attend to higher needs such as belonging, esteem, and self-actualization.

Question 16

Motivation
-Cindy lives in a middle class neighborhood. She always has enough food and she feels safe in her home and school. Cindy enjoys playing sports and participating in clubs at her school. She has close friends and attends religious services. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need has Cindy fulfilled with her activities?

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow, human needs are arranged in five tiers. A higher level need cannot be met until all lower level needs are fulfilled. In this example, Cindy is fulfilling belonging needs by joining sports teams and clubs and by attending religious services. Cindy is able to fulfill these needs because her lower level physiological and safety needs are already met. Without meeting her need to belong, Cindy cannot attend to higher level needs such as esteem and self-actualization.

Question 17

Motivation
-Marissa was recently promoted at her job. She feels confident in her ability to perform duties and feels respected by her peers. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which needs has Marissa's job fulfilled?

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow, human needs are arranged in five tiers. A higher level need cannot be met until all lower level needs are fulfilled. In this example, Marissa has fulfilled esteem needs by feeling confident in her own abilities and being respected by her peers. Marissa is able to fulfill this need, because her lower level physiological, safety and belonging needs are already met. Without meeting her need for esteem, Cindy cannot attend to self-actualization needs.

Question 18

Motivation
-Bill has been retired for several years. He is satisfied with his life, which he believes has meaning. He feels that he is living up to his potential and that his education is appropriate for his abilities. He is aware of his capabilities and limitations. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which need has Bill fulfilled?

Accepted Answer

According to Maslow, human needs are arranged in five tiers. A higher level need cannot be met until all lower level needs are fulfilled. In this example, Bill has achieved self-actualization, which is a sense that one's life has meaning and that one has met his or her potential. Bill is able to fulfill this need, because his lower level physiological, safety, belonging, and esteem needs are already met.

Question 19

Motivation
-During the late 1800's Frederick Winslow Taylor asserted that workers are only motivated by pay. Which theory describes Frederick Winslow Taylor's approach to motivation?

Accepted Answer

Frederick Winslow Taylor's theory of scientific management asserted that workers are only motivated by pay. As such, he believed that workers needed close supervision and control. He also believed that work must be broken into smaller tasks, and that workers be paid for the work actually completed, not the time taken to complete the work.

Question 20

Motivation
-Desiree is a competitive swimmer. She spends most of her time swimming and rarely spends time with her friends. She is home-schooled so that her studies do not interfere with swimming. One day she decides she wants to compete in the Olympics. Which term describes Desiree's decision to compete in the Olympics?

Accepted Answer

Goal commitment is the process by which a person become committed to achieving a goal. Desiree's goal is to become an Olympic swimmer. A goal is defined as an outcome or incentive for which a person is willing to put worth considerable time and effort. Before committing to a goal, people typically assess whether the goal is worth pursing and how important the goal is to them.

Quiz 3: CLEP: Educational Psychology

Motivation -Tammy buys a bumper sticker for her car that says, "If it feels good, do it." What term does this bumper sticker illustrate?

Motivation -Kevin is our years old. When his mother serves him food he has never seen or tasted before, he refuses to eat it. He loves familiar foods with mild flavor such as mashed potatoes or macaroni and cheese. What concept does this illustrate?

Motivation -When Heather was three years old, she came down with the flu shortly after eating watermelon. 30 years later, she still avoids watermelon and feels sick when she smells it. What concept does this illustrate?

Motivation -Corey went out to a restaurant and ate his favorite meal. Before his plate was clean, he felt very full and decided to stop eating. What does this illustrate?

Motivation -Marissa was recently promoted at her job. She feels confident in her ability to perform duties and feels respected by her peers. According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which needs has Marissa's job fulfilled?

Motivation -During the late 1800's Frederick Winslow Taylor asserted that workers are only motivated by pay. Which theory describes Frederick Winslow Taylor's approach to motivation?