Question 1

While dreaming that she is riding a bicycle,Millie actually moves around in bed making arm and leg motions similar to those of a cyclist.Apparently,Millie suffers from ____.

Accepted Answer

Millie's arm and leg motions during sleep indicate that she is physically acting out her dream, which is characteristic of REM behavior disorder, a sleep disorder in which muscles remain active during REM sleep leading to physically acting out dreams. Jet lag and sleep apnea would not cause this kind of behavior, and it is not normal to physically move around in bed during a dream.

Question 2

Bart awakes screaming,shaking,and sweating,and his heart is beating rapidly.Homer and Marge,being good parents,has Bart hooked up to an electroencephalograph.Checking Bart's EEG,they note that Bart was in stage 4 sleep just before he awoke.From this information,they feel confident in saying that Bart had just experienced ____.

Accepted Answer

Bart's symptoms (screaming, shaking, sweating, rapid heart rate) suggest sleep terror disorder, and the fact that he was in stage 4 sleep before waking up supports this diagnosis. Nightmares typically occur during REM sleep, which is not the case here, and lucid dreams would not elicit the same physical response. Sleep apnea involves interruptions in breathing during sleep and would not necessarily cause the same symptoms as seen in Bart.

Question 3

Jocelyn,an excellent hypnotic subject,has been instructed under hypnosis to relive her birthday party when she turned six years old.Jocelyn will most likely ____.

Accepted Answer

Hypnosis can create a state of heightened suggestibility, allowing the subject to imagine and describe events as if they are happening in the present moment. Jocelyn's excellent susceptibility to hypnosis suggests that she will be able to vividly describe her sixth birthday party from the perspective of her six-year-old self, acting and feeling as she did at that time.

Question 4

"I've got a joke for all of you," Rallo announces to a group of friends."How many psychologists does it take to change a light bulb?" Before he can reveal the answer,Rallo suddenly falls asleep.Rallo must be suffering from ____.

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden episodes of sleep. Falling asleep suddenly and unexpectedly is a common symptom of narcolepsy.

Question 5

Which condition,if left untreated,would you be most likely to detect in one of your instructors if your only contact with your instructor was during class?

Accepted Answer

Narcolepsy can lead to symptoms such as excessive daytime sleepiness and sudden loss of muscle tone (cataplexy), which could be noticeable during class interactions. Other conditions listed primarily affect individuals during sleep, making them less likely to be observed in a classroom setting.

Question 6

Freud,who believed that dreams are "the royal road to a knowledge of the unconscious mind," would probably have disagreed with the activation-synthesis hypothesis because ____.

Accepted Answer

Freud believed that dreams were meaningful and symbolic expressions of unconscious desires and conflicts, rather than just random neural activity. The activation-synthesis hypothesis, on the other hand, suggests that dreams are simply the brain's way of making sense of random neural activity during REM sleep. Additionally, Freud did not have access to brain imaging technology and therefore did not focus on dreams as physiological events in the way that modern sleep researchers do.

Question 7

Jed feels tired all day long and cannot focus very well at work.At a sleep institute,he is told that he actually stops breathing many times throughout the night.Jed has ____.

Accepted Answer

Jed's symptoms - feeling tired all day long and inability to focus at work - are characteristic of sleep apnea, a sleep disorder where the person stops breathing multiple times during the night. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness, sudden and uncontrollable episodes of falling asleep during the day. REM behavior disorder is a sleep disorder where the person acts out their dreams during the REM stage of sleep. SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome) is a condition where an apparently healthy infant dies unexpectedly during sleep.

Question 8

Fred,Barney,George,and Bart are ten years old,and each suffers from a different sleep disorder.Fred occasionally shifts suddenly during the day from a normal waking state into several minutes of sleep,during which time he has very little muscle tone and is effectively immobile.Barney walks in his sleep (but does nothing else),while George sometimes moves to act out his dreams.Bart has nightmares (but not sleep terror disorder).Who is least likely to be in the REM stage of sleep when he exhibits his symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Barney, who walks in his sleep (a behavior known as somnambulism or sleepwalking), is least likely to be in the REM stage of sleep when exhibiting his symptoms. Sleepwalking typically occurs during the deep stages of non-REM sleep, not during REM sleep, which is characterized by rapid eye movement and is the stage during which most dreaming occurs.

Question 9

Which theory postulates that dreams are meaningless random byproducts of REM sleep?

Accepted Answer

The activation-synthesis theory postulates that dreams are meaningless random byproducts of REM sleep. This theory suggests that the brainstem sends random electrical signals to the cortex during sleep, which the cortex then tries to make sense of by creating a story or narrative, resulting in a dream.

Question 10

Jacob is dreaming.If this is all the information that you have,you mightassume that Jacob ____.

Accepted Answer

Dreams occur during REM (Rapid Eye Movement) sleep, so if we know that Jacob is dreaming, it is reasonable to assume that he is probably in REM sleep.

Question 11

Nikita suffers from a condition in which she is constantly awakened because she stops breathing when she sleeps.Nikita probably suffers from ____.

Accepted Answer

Sleep apnea is a condition in which the individual stops breathing multiple times during the night, leading to repeated awakenings and poor quality of sleep. The other options do not match the symptoms described.

Question 12

The night before the Psych 100 midterm,Mehmet had a dream where he saw himself being chased by his Psych 100 instructor.He believes that this was some random byproduct of his REM sleep.Mehmet probably believes in the ____ theory of dreams.

Accepted Answer

The activation-synthesis theory suggests that dreams are a result of random neural activity in the brainstem and cortex, which is then synthesized into a story or narrative by the brain. Thus, Mehmet's dream of being chased by his instructor is a random byproduct of his brain's neural activity during REM sleep. Choice A, wish fulfillment theory, suggests that dreams are a way to fulfill desires or wishes that cannot be fulfilled in waking life. Choice C, state theory, suggests that dreaming is a unique state of consciousness that serves a specific purpose. Choice D, dissociation theory, suggests that hypnosis involves a dissociation between different levels of consciousness.

Question 13

If muscles are in a state of near-paralysis during REM sleep,then how is sleepwalking possible?

Accepted Answer

Sleepwalking typically occurs during stages of non-REM sleep, particularly during the deep, slow-wave stages of sleep, not during REM sleep when the body is in a state of near-paralysis.

Question 14

Desiree is having a dream in which she is being chased by four cartoon characters,who are waving large knives at her."I've got to wake up; this is only a dream," Desiree tells herself while she is in the middle of this dream.Desiree is experiencing ____.

Accepted Answer

Desiree is aware that she is dreaming and is able to control her actions and thoughts within the dream, indicating that she is experiencing lucid dreaming. REM behavior disorder involves physically acting out dreams during REM sleep, sleep terror disorder involves sudden waking and intense fear during non-REM sleep, and wish fulfillment is a Freudian theory about unconscious desires being expressed through dreams.

Question 15

Jonathan has a terrible dream in which he's being strangled by the tentacles of an octopus.When he wakes up,Jonathan remembers the frightening dream very well and immediately writes about it in his sleep journal.Jonathan appears to be experiencing ____.

Accepted Answer

The description of Jonathan's dream as being frightening and causing him to wake up suggests that he experienced a nightmare. Sleep apnea involves interruptions to breathing during sleep, REM behavior disorder involves physically acting out dreams during REM sleep, and sleep terror disorder involves sudden episodes of intense fear during sleep.

Question 16

Marsha lets out blood-curdling screams in the middle of the night,sits up in bed,and is seemingly inconsolable by her parents.In the morning,she doesn't remember having behaved this way.Marsha is most likely suffering from ____.

Accepted Answer

Marsha's behavior is indicative of sleep terror disorder, which causes individuals to experience intense fear and screaming during the night, often accompanied by physical thrashing and a feeling of being under attack. This disorder typically occurs during non-REM sleep, and individuals do not remember the episode in the morning. Nightmares, sleepwalking, and REM behavior disorder do not all match the symptoms described.

Question 17

Homer is awakened suddenly because Marge,his wife,is choking him! Marge explains that she was dreaming about defending herself from the Princess of Bad Taste: Scary Spice.Homer is not angry; rather he is concerned that Marge may be suffering from ____.

Accepted Answer

Marge's actions suggest REM behavior disorder, a condition where individuals act out their dreams due to a failure in the mechanism that normally paralyzes the body during REM sleep.

Question 18

Dr.Huanca hypnotizes Travaughn and then tells him that from now on,whenever he feels the urge to smoke a cigarette,he will get up and get a glass of water instead.This instruction is an example of ____.

Accepted Answer

Posthypnotic suggestion is a statement given during hypnosis that is meant to be carried out after the hypnosis session has ended. In this case, Dr. Huanca is suggesting to Travaughn that he substitute the urge to smoke with the action of getting a glass of water.

Question 19

People who experience posttraumatic stress disorder are at high risk of experiencing ____,which occur(s)during REM sleep and may be treatable with imagery therapy.

Accepted Answer

People with PTSD often experience nightmares, which can occur during REM sleep. Imagery therapy can be effective in treating these nightmares.

Question 20

Roy tells his friends Helen and Joe about a dream he recently had,in which trains were zooming into tunnels and rockets were firing.Helen tells Roy that his dream is only a meaningless,random byproduct of REM sleep,while Joe tells Roy that his dream is a way of satisfying his unconscious urges.Helen is taking the ____ perspective,while Joe is taking the ____ perspective on dreaming.

Accepted Answer

Helen's explanation aligns with the activation-synthesis theory, which suggests dreams are random byproducts of REM sleep, while Joe's explanation aligns with the wish fulfillment theory, associated with Freud's idea that dreams satisfy unconscious urges.

Quiz 9: Consciousness