Question 1

All of the following are components of emotion, EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Structural changes are not considered a component of emotion. Emotions typically involve physiological changes, subjective experiences, and expressive behaviors, but not structural changes in the sense implied by the question.

Question 2

Emotions have the role of:

Accepted Answer

C

Question 3

Two-year-old Benny encounters a house cat for the first time. He is wary and looks to see how his mother interacts with the cat. He sees the smile on his mother's face as she pets the cat without hesitation. Benny then approaches the cat and begins petting it. Benny's behavior is indicative of:

Accepted Answer

Social referencing is the process by which individuals look to others in their environment to gauge how they should react to unfamiliar or ambiguous situations. Benny's observation of his mother's positive interaction with the cat and his subsequent decision to pet the cat based on her reaction is a classic example of social referencing.

Question 4

Research has shown that infants as young as 10 months will not cross an illusory drop-off in visual cliff experiments if their mothers present an angry or fearful face. However, they will cross the drop-off if their mothers present a joyful face. What does this indicate?

Accepted Answer

This indicates that infants look to their caregivers for cues on how to interpret and react to uncertain situations, showing they use social referencing to guide their actions.

Question 5

Dr. Williams is conducting an experiment with groups of five-year-old children in the United States and Egypt. She shows the groups of children pictures of people with various facial expressions ranging from joyfulness to anger. The results of her experiment are likely to show that:

Accepted Answer

Children in both countries are likely to accurately read the emotions they see in the faces because the ability to recognize basic emotions such as joy, anger, and fear from facial expressions is a universal human trait, not limited by culture.

Question 6

Psychologist Carroll Izard subscribes to all of the following statements EXCEPT:

Accepted Answer

Carroll Izard believes in the differential emotions theory, which suggests that emotional development in babies is systematic and follows a certain pattern, rather than occurring randomly. This theory posits that emotions are innate and unfold according to a biological timetable, contradicting the idea that emotional development is random.

Question 7

Psychologist Joseph Campos disagrees with Carroll Izard. He believes that:

Accepted Answer

The answer of Psychologist Joseph Campos disagrees with Carroll Izard....

Question 8

______________ refers to the ability to control negative emotions and adapt to daily social interactions.

Accepted Answer

Self-regulation is the ability to manage disruptive emotions and impulses, and to think before reacting. It involves controlling one's emotions and behaviors, especially in social interactions, making it the correct choice.

Question 9

According to research conducted by the Greenspans, if negative factors interfere with a child's mastery of emotional milestones, __________ development will also be affected.

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to research conducted by the Greenspans,...

Question 10

Sylvie is a toddler. Upon seeing her mother she stretches her arms upward, signaling that she wishes to be picked up. When her mother picks her up Sylvie smiles. We can say that Sylvie is creating bonds of:

Accepted Answer

Sylvie's behavior of stretching her arms upward to be picked up by her mother and smiling when picked up indicates she is seeking comfort and security from her mother, which are key components of attachment. This behavior is a sign of forming emotional bonds, characteristic of attachment processes in early childhood.

Question 11

Clifford is 7 months old and prefers the company of his 5-year-old brother to anyone else's. He makes every effort to be near him. According to the stages developed by Schaffer and Emerson, Clifford is probably in which stage?

Accepted Answer

Clifford is likely in the "specific attachment" stage, as described by Schaffer and Emerson. This stage typically begins around 7 to 9 months of age, where infants start to show a strong attachment to particular individuals, often a parent or sibling, as seen with Clifford's preference for his brother.

Question 12

Louisa is an infant. She is fascinated by everything she sees and hears, whether human or not. She looks up at her parents but is equally stimulated by her mobile. Approximately how old is Louisa?

Accepted Answer

At 2 months, infants like Louisa start to pay more attention to their surroundings, showing interest in different stimuli, including faces and objects, but they do not yet have the more advanced cognitive and motor skills seen in older infants.

Question 13

Brian is 3 months old. He is not afraid of strangers. He is happy to be held by anyone and starts to cry when he is put in his crib. Brian is most likely displaying:

Accepted Answer

Indiscriminate attachment is typical for infants around Brian's age, where they do not show fear of strangers and are equally comfortable with familiar and unfamiliar people. This phase precedes the development of stranger anxiety and specific attachment, which typically emerge around 6 to 7 months of age.

Question 14

Research findings show that infants in Guatemala and Uganda reach attachment stages earlier than their Scottish counterparts. This is probably due to:

Accepted Answer

Cultural differences can significantly influence the rate at which infants reach various developmental milestones, including attachment stages, due to variations in parenting styles, social structures, and caregiver-infant interactions.

Question 15

The notion that an individual exists independently of immediate visibility is called:

Accepted Answer

Person permanence is the understanding that people continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, or touched. This concept is similar to "object permanence" in developmental psychology, but specifically applies to understanding the continued existence of people.

Question 16

Bowlby attributes attachment to:

Accepted Answer

Bowlby's attachment theory suggests that attachment is a result of biologically-based behavioral systems that are activated by environmental conditions, emphasizing the evolutionary aspect of attachment in ensuring the survival of the offspring.

Question 17

The idea that a child is genetically programmed to a social world with behavior that promotes contact and proximity is most like which theorist's view?

Accepted Answer

Ainsworth's attachment theory emphasizes that children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers as a means of survival. This theory suggests that children come into the world biologically pre-programmed to form attachments with others, because this will help them to survive.

Question 18

Arnie, a psychology graduate student, sets up an experiment in which Jen and her baby enter a room set up as a playroom. In the room are some interesting toys as well as a stranger. After a few minutes Jen leaves the room and returns a few minutes later. Arnie then notes how the baby reacts to seeing his mother. This experiment is called:

Accepted Answer

The experiment described is known as the Strange Situation, a procedure developed by psychologist Mary Ainsworth in the 1970s to observe attachment relationships between a caregiver and child.

Question 19

Upon being reunited with his mother in the Strange Situation study, baby Andre greets his mother with a smile and reaches his hands upward to be picked up. This indicates which type of attachment pattern?

Accepted Answer

Andre's behavior of greeting his mother with a smile and reaching up to be picked up upon reunion indicates a secure attachment pattern. This behavior shows that Andre feels safe and comforted by his mother's presence, which is characteristic of securely attached children.

Question 20

Upon being reunited with her mother in the Strange Situation study, baby Michelle greets her mother by turning away and returning to the toy she had been playing with while glancing at the stranger in the room. This indicates which type of attachment pattern?

Accepted Answer

Michelle's behavior indicates an insecure/avoidant attachment pattern. Insecure/avoidant children tend to avoid or ignore the caregiver upon reunion, showing little emotional response and often focusing on play or objects rather than seeking comfort or acknowledging the caregiver's return.

Quiz 6: Infancy: The Development of Emotional and Social Bonds